Tele-snaps

Tele-snaps — or telesnaps — were photographs taken by John Cura from the transmission of a televised programme. They were essentially a primitive form of recording transmissions in the days when the price of videotape was still prohibitive. Telesnaps allowed a cheap and portable way for actors, directors and other interested individuals to have a record of a television programme. In many cases, they became the only surviving visual record of monochromatic episodes that went missing from the British Broadcasting Corporation's archives.

Definition

Though John Cura didn't patent the process or trademark the term, the word "telesnap" specifically describes the work done by him, largely because his camera was unique and his service of providing contact sheets of entire episodes was also unusual amongst people who offered a similar service at the time. Key to the difference between Cura's work and others was the fact that his camera took images at the speed of 1/25th of a second — the standard PAL framerate. Thus he was able to capture individual frames of programmes with each click, whereas his rivals, at least initially, couldn't. Thus their waste rate was much higher than his, meaning he got a much higher percentage of "good" images of each show.

Beyond that, it is somewhat easier to further define the term in terms of what it is not:

• It is not any off-air recording. Thus, although images of the transmission of "The Feast of Steven" exist, telesnaps do not.
• It is not a publicity still. Though Radio Times were known to have used telesnaps for publicity purposes and this usage arguably turned John Cura into a kind of "accidental still photographer", they aren't what are generally thought of as publicity stills. They were records of transmission, not stills taken during production for the express purpose of publicity.
• It is not the same as a casual photograph taken by cast or crew members. Thus telesnaps are not images derived from, for example, the several 8mm home movies made of location filming. Nor are they on-set images taken from a vantage point other than the one the recording video camera would have had.
• In terms of Doctor Who, a telesnap is never in colour, as Cura died just before the beginning of the show's colour age.

Overview

In 1947 John Cura, a self-taught man with a passion for electronics, sent a letter to the BBC offering his services of tele-snaps, still photographs taken at various intervals during the program's broadcast. His method was simple; a 35mm camera of his own design, pointed at a television screen, could take up to eighty such images during the broadcast of the programme. Normally, Cura would take around sixty photographs for a half-hour episode and provide these on a contact sheet to the BBC. Cura stopped taking telesnaps with the fifth production block (which ended with The Mind Robber), which is why no telesnaps exist of the missing episodes of Season 6. No telesnaps exist from John Wiles's producership of Doctor Who (effectively from Galaxy 4 to The Ark), since Wiles was not using Cura's services at the time. However, since Cura was completely independent of the BBC, and regularly sold his work to multiple interested parties, there's every reason to believe that he actually did take telesnaps of the John Wiles era, but simply never found a buyer for them.

After Cura died in 1969, his widow offered his complete collection of negatives and prints — literally hundreds of thousands of images — to the BBC. When they rudely declined the offer, his widow burned the entire archive. It was at this point that Doctor Who — and not simply because various producers had elected not to pay for tele-snaps, that fans most likely lost the last visual record of some missing episodes.

Legality

The legality of Cura's tele-snaps was never settled by the courts or Parliament in his lifetime, though the BBC were certainly concerned about it. In the 1950s, they tried to get the British Parliament to enact legislation that defined ownership of the image of a transmission, specifically because they wanted to restrict or even eliminate Cura's business. Parliament, however, never obliged. Despite this, they did ask him to limit the people to whom he sold the telesnaps. He mostly ignored this request.

In fact, the BBC were never able to exercise any traditional element of copyright control over tele-snaps. They had no physical access to the negatives, nor did they get a royalty when he sold his images to others. Worse, they actually paid him for images of what was ostensibly their own work. So they were his de facto copyright — even though, technically, the matter was never resolved.

Availability

Several of the groups of telesnaps have been published as blocks of episodes in Doctor Who Magazine, or been released in a compilation form with audio soundtrack on video, DVD or CD by the BBC.

Missing episodes with no telesnaps existing

• Marco Polo episode 4
• The Reign of Terror episodes 4 & 5
• Galaxy 4 - episodes 1-2 & 4
• Mission to the Unknown
• The Myth Makers - all episodes
• The Daleks' Master Plan - episodes 1, 3-4, 6, 8-9 and 11-12. Twenty low quality and mostly very blurry images exist of "The Feast of Steven" thanks to the amateur efforts of actor Robert Jewell — a Dalek operator who worked on The Daleks' Master Plan. But these aren't quite the same as telesnaps. Jewell was apparently just pointing his off-the-shelf camera at the television screen and clicking. Consequently, all are blurry to one degree or another, and in no way rival Cura's work.
• The Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Eve - all episodes
• The Celestial Toymaker episodes 1-3
• The Invasion episodes 1 & 4
• The Space Pirates episodes 1, 3-6

Notes

1. Although no telesnaps are known to exist from Marco Polo episode 4, contemporary BBC documentation indicates they were taken.

External links

• Telesnap Discoveries (includes lists of who discovered missing telesnaps)
• BBC website Doctor Who - Photonovels (using telesnaps)
• Doctor Who: The Missing Episodes (PDF), includes list of where telesnaps are published)

Footnotes