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| '''''The Picture of Dorian Gray''''' is the only published [[Wikipedia:Novel|Novel]] written by [[Wikipedia:Oscar Wilde|Oscar Wilde]], first appearing as the lead story in [[Wikipedia:Lippincott's Monthly Magazine|Lippincott's Monthly Magazine]] on [[June 20]] [[1890]].<ref name="Penguin Intro pg ix">''The Picture of Dorian Gray'' (Penguin Classics) - Introduction</ref> Wilde later revised this edition, making several alterations, and adding new chapters; the amended version was published by Ward, Lock, and Company in April 1891.<ref name="Publish">[http://www.turksheadreview.com/library/notes-doriangray.html Notes on The Picture of Dorian Gray] - An overview of the text, sources, influences, themes and a summary of ''The Picture of Dorian Gray''</ref> The story's title is often misreferenced as "The Portrait of Dorian Gray" (for example, a "[[The Far Side]]" strip satirizes the story with the caption, "The portrait of Dorian Gray and his dog").
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| The novel tells of a young man named Dorian Gray, the subject of a painting by artist Basil Hallward. Basil is greatly impressed by Dorian's physical beauty and becomes strongly infatuated with him, believing that his beauty is responsible for a new mode in his art. Talking in Basil's garden, Dorian meets Lord Henry Wotton, a friend of Basil's, and becomes enthralled by Lord Henry's world view. Espousing a new kind of [[hedonism]], Lord Henry suggests that the only thing worth pursuing in life is beauty, and the fulfilment of the senses. Realising that one day his beauty will fade, Dorian cries out, wishing that the portrait Basil has painted of him would age rather than himself. Dorian's wish is fulfilled, subsequently plunging him into a series of debauched acts. The portrait serves as a reminder of the effect each act has upon his [[soul]], with each [[sin]] being displayed as a disfigurement of his form, or through a sign of aging.{{Fact|date=May 2008}} | | The phantom of the opera (1925) Is the first version of the French novel (that we know of - There could of been another one in 1916 according to IMDB . But all such prints dont not exsist . If there was one in 1916 did Gaston leroux "The writer of the book" know of this film ? ) It works at at slow place trying to follow the plot but also trying to impress audences of the 20's while trying also to not anger the writer of the book . They didnt want an angry Gaston on there heels. They had cast all the parts but the phantom at one stage and the casting man said "Lon Chaney or it cant be done". lon Chaney is good in this and the makeup is excellent (The Deformity that follows the book the closest - I would upload a picture but I wouldn't want an angry Tangerineduel moan at me .If you want to see the face of the phantom in this version simply type the keyword "Lon Chaney Phantom" into "Google Images" for a load of good ones).Despite all of this his proformance seems lacking in somthing . He seems to just play the villain that laughs alot of chops down the a cerstain item above the opera stage.The phantom is not that he well dont meen to be cheesey but "Just misunderstood".Though he has his liitle tragic human moments but the kidnapping seen at the end seems to cancel all of that . know the phantom's mad but it wasnt in the book and dammed hell if ill see it any other adaption !. Warning mountains of spoilers ahead as its time for the give a short summuary so ..A deformed guy is obsessed with a young opera singer and claims to be the "Angel of music". She comes with him and leaves behind her boyfriend . She pulls of his mask to find that hes a ... ugly person ! . |
| | | Suprise suprise ! . You didnt see that one coming . LOL. She escapes kisses her boyfriend on the roof and ... The Phantom is watching ! Suprise! Suprise ! . So he guess what ? Yes he .... Kidnaps her . Another unexpected plot twist ! How predictble is that phantom or what ? So the boyfriend gathers . Guess what ? ... Oh the suspense .. I can barley contain myself ! .... An angry mob ! I must rember this is a film of silentness and Full of vey predictable Moments . So the angry mob .. oh Goody ! another predictble moment well done silent era ! .. They Rescue The dasmel in distress and kill the "Monster " . What an orginal concept ! Lol. So um thats it .. Bye .. But did phantom surrvive ? .. No . He Did Not ! I was only kidding I like this movie and its predictbleness ! So 7/10 from me .Cause I have spot for silent cinemea . This is okay for me . But if you are into newer stuff check of the 2004 Adaption and see 300's Gerald Butler (This is Sparta!) Sing ! In a Boat |
| ''The Picture of Dorian Gray'' is considered one of the last works of classic [[gothic horror]] [[fiction]] with a strong [[Faust]]ian [[#Themes|theme]].<ref name="Gothic Horror">[http://www.glbtq.com/literature/ghost_horror.html glbtq >> literature >> Ghost and Horror Fiction] - a website which discusses [[ghost]] and [[horror fiction]] from the 19th century onwards (retrieved [[30 July]] [[2006]])</ref> It deals with the artistic movement of the [[Decadent movement|decadents]], and [[homosexuality]], both of which caused some [[#Criticism|controversy]] when the book was first published. However, in modern times, the book has been referred to as "one of the modern classics of Western literature."<ref name="Classic">[http://www.poemhunter.com/oscar-wilde/books/poet-3068/ Books of the poet: Oscar Wilde] - a website which gives synopses for several books, including ''The Picture of Dorian Gray'' (retrieved [[27 August]] [[2006]]</ref>
| | With his Cented candles ! . This! is! Candles ! (Scented ones to be excact). So bye I might do this again on another film if im Bored enough again . Goodbye! (How predictable!). |
| | | Sometime son i will kill Russell T ... I mean review the cabinet of Doctor Caligari (1919) and Neco C Alenky(1988).So prepare to go an acid trip ! |
| ==Plot summary==
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| [[Image:Doriangray 1945.jpg|thumb|Dorian faces his portrait in the 1945 ''[[The Picture of Dorian Gray (1945 film)|The Picture of Dorian Gray]]'']]
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| The novel begins with [[Lord Henry Wotton]] observing the artist Basil Hallward painting the portrait of a handsome young man named Dorian Gray. Dorian arrives later, meeting Wotton. After hearing Lord Henry's world view, Dorian begins to think that beauty is the only worthwhile aspect of life, and the only thing left to pursue. He wishes that the portrait of him which Basil is painting would grow old in his place. Under the influence of Lord Henry, Dorian begins an exploration of his senses. He discovers an actress, Sibyl Vane, who performs [[Shakespeare]] in a dingy theatre. Dorian approaches her, and soon proposes marriage. Sibyl, who refers to him as "Prince Charming," rushes home to tell her skeptical mother and brother. Her protective brother, James, tells her that if "Prince Charming" ever harms her, he will kill him.
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| Dorian then invites Basil and Lord Henry to see Sibyl perform in ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]''. Sibyl, whose only previous knowledge of love was through the love of theatre, suddenly loses her acting abilities through the experience of true love with Dorian, and performs very badly. Dorian rejects her, saying that her beauty was in her art, and if she could no longer act, he was no longer interested in her. Once he returns home, Dorian notices that Basil's portrait of him has changed. After examining the painting, Dorian realizes that his wish has come true - the portrait's expression now bears a subtle sneer, and will age with each sin he commits, while his own outward appearance remains unchanged. He decides to reconcile with Sibyl, but Lord Henry arrives in the morning to say that Sibyl has killed herself by swallowing [[prussic acid]]. Over the next eighteen years Dorian experiments with every vice, mostly under the influence of a "poisonous" French novel, a present from Lord Henry. Wilde never reveals the title but his inspiration was likely drawn from [[Joris-Karl Huysmans]]'s ''[[À rebours]]'' (''Against Nature'') due to the likenesses that exist between the two novels.<ref name="A Rebours">{{cite web | url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-92865915.html | title=Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray | publisher=Highbeam Research| accessdate=2007-04-26}}</ref>
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| One night, before he leaves for Paris, Basil arrives to question Dorian about the rumours of his indulgences. Dorian does not deny the debauchery. He takes Basil to the portrait which is revealed to have become as hideous as Dorian's sins. In a fit of anger, Dorian blames the artist for his fate, and stabs him to death. He then blackmails an old friend named Alan Campbell, who happened to be a chemist, into destroying the body. Wishing to escape his crime, Dorian travels to an [[opium den]]. James Vane happens to be nearby, and hears someone refer to Dorian as "Prince Charming." He follows Dorian out and attempts to shoot him, but he is deceived when Dorian asks James to look at him in the light, saying that he is too young to have been involved with Sibyl eighteen years ago. James releases Dorian, but is approached by a woman from the opium den, who chastises him for not killing Dorian and tells him that Dorian has not aged for the past eighteen years.
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| While at dinner one night, Dorian sees Sibyl Vane's brother stalking the grounds and fears for his life. However, during a game-shooting party the next day James is accidentally shot and killed by one of the hunters. After returning to London, Dorian informs Lord Henry that he will be good from now on, and has started by not breaking the heart of his latest innocent conquest, a vicar's daughter in a country town, named Hetty Merton. At his apartment, he wonders if the portrait has begun to change back, losing its senile, sinful appearance, now that he has changed his immoral ways. He unveils the portrait to find that it has become worse. Seeing this he begins to question the motives behind his act of "mercy," whether it was merely vanity, curiosity, or the quest for new emotional excess. Deciding that only a full [[confession]] would truly [[absolve]] him, but lacking any guilt and fearing the consequences, he decides to destroy the last vestige of his conscience. In a fit of rage, he picks up the knife that killed Basil Hallward, and plunges it into the painting. Hearing his cry from inside the locked room, his servants send for the police, who find Dorian's body, suddenly aged, withered, and horrible, beside the portrait, which has reverted to its original form; it is only through the rings on his hand that the corpse can be identified.
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| ==Characters==
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| [[Image:Doriangray.JPG|thumb|Basil and Lord Henry survey the portrait of Dorian]]
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| In a letter, Wilde stated that the main characters of ''The Picture of Dorian Gray'' are in different ways reflections of himself: "Basil Hallward is what I think I am: Lord Henry what the world thinks me: Dorian what I would like to be—in other ages, perhaps."<ref name="The Modern Library Gray">[http://www.randomhouse.com/modernlibrary/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780679642091 The Modern Library] - a synopsis of the book coupled with a short biography of [[Oscar Wilde]] (retrieved [[6 July]] [[2006]])</ref>
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| *'''Dorian Gray''' - an extremely handsome young man who becomes enthralled with Lord Henry's idea of a new [[hedonism]]. He begins to indulge in every kind of pleasure, moral and immoral.
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| *'''Basil Hallward''' - an artist who becomes [[infatuation|infatuated]] with Dorian's beauty. Dorian helps Basil to realise his [[art]]istic potential, as Basil's portrait of Dorian proves to be his finest work.
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| *'''Lord Henry Wotton''' - a [[nobleman]] who is a friend to Basil initially, but later becomes more intrigued with Dorian's beauty and naivete. Extremely witty, Lord Henry is seen as a [[critique]] of [[Fin de siecle|late Victorian culture]] espousing a view of indulgent [[hedonism]]. He corrupts Dorian with his world view, as Dorian attempts to emulate him. Basil calls him "Harry".
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| *'''Sibyl Vane''' - An exceptionally talented (though latterly extremely poor) and beautiful actress with whom Dorian falls in love. Her love for Dorian destroys her acting career, as she no longer finds pleasure in portraying fictional love when she has a true love in reality.
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| *'''James Vane''' - Sibyl's brother who is to become a [[sailor]] and leave for [[Australia]]. He is extremely protective of his sister, especially as his mother is useless and concerned only with Dorian's money. He is hesitant to leave his sister, believing Dorian will harm her.
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| *'''Mrs. Vane''' - Sibyl and James's mother, an old and faded actress. She has consigned herself and Sibyl to a poor theatre house to pay her debts. She is extremely pleased when Sibyl meets Dorian, being impressed by the promise of his status and wealth.
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| *'''Alan Campbell''' - once a good friend of Dorian, he ended their friendship when Dorian's reputation began to come into question.
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| *'''Lady Agatha''' - Lord Henry’s aunt. Lady Agatha is active in [[Charitable organization|charity]] work in the London slums.
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| *'''Lord Fermor''' - Lord Henry's uncle. He informs Lord Henry about Dorian's lineage.
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| *'''Victoria, Lady Henry Wotton''' - Lord Henry's wife, who only appears once in the novel while Dorian waits for Lord Henry. She later divorces Lord Henry in exchange for a pianist.
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| *'''Victor''' - a loyal [[servant]] to Dorian. Dorian's increasing [[paranoia]], however, leads him to use Victor to complete pointless errands in an attempt to dissuade him from entering the room that houses Dorian's portrait.
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| ==Themes==
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| ===Aestheticism and duplicity===
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| [[Aestheticism]] is a strong theme in ''The Picture of Dorian Gray'', and is tied in with the concept of the [[double life]]. Although Dorian is [[hedonist]]ic, when Basil accuses him of making Lord Henry's sister's name a "by-word", Dorian replies "Take care, Basil. You go too far"<ref name="DorianGray Chapter XII">''The Picture of Dorian Gray'' (Penguin Classics) - Chapter XII</ref> suggesting that Dorian still cares about his outward image and standing within [[Victorian era|Victorian]] society. Wilde highlights Dorian's pleasure of living a double life, describing how Dorian returns home sometimes to look at his portrait, and, when looking at the disfigurement of the portrait, "[grows] more and more enamoured of his own beauty, more and more interested in the corruption of his own soul."<ref name="DorianGray Chapter XI">''The Picture of Dorian Gray'' (Penguin Classics) - Chapter XI</ref> Not only does Dorian enjoy this sensation in private, but he also feels "keenly the terrible pleasure of a double life" when attending a society gathering just 24 hours after committing a murder.
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| This duplicity and indulgence is most evident in Dorian's visits to the opium dens of London. [[Oscar Wilde|Wilde]] conflates the images of the upper class and lower class by having the supposedly upright Dorian visit the impoverished districts of London. Lord Henry asserts that "crime belongs exclusively to the lower orders...I should fancy that crime was to them what art is to us, simply a method of procuring extraordinary sensations", which suggests that Dorian is both the criminal and the [[aesthete]] combined in one man. This is perhaps linked to [[Robert Louis Stevenson]]'s ''[[Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde]]'', which Wilde admired.<ref name="Penguin Intro pg ix" /> The division that was witnessed in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, although extreme, is evident in Dorian Gray, who attempts to contain the two divergent parts of his personality, this is a recurring theme in many of the Gothic novels of which "The Picture Of Dorian Gray" is one of the last.
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| ===Homoeroticism===
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| The name "Dorian" has connotations of the [[Dorians]], an ancient [[Hellenic]] tribe. Robert Mighall suggests that this could be Wilde hinting at a connection to "Greek love", a euphemism for the [[homoeroticism]] that was accepted as everyday in [[ancient Greece]]. Indeed, Dorian is described using the [[semantic field]] of the [[Greek Gods]], being likened to [[Adonis]], a person who looks as if "he were made of ivory and rose-leaves." However, Wilde does not mention any homosexual acts explicitly, and descriptions of Dorian's "[[sins]]" are often vague, although there does appear to be an element of homoeroticism in the competition between Lord Henry and Basil, both of whom compete for Dorian's attention. Both of them make comments about Dorian in praise of his good looks and youthful demeanour, Basil going as far to say that "as long as I live, the personality of Dorian Gray will dominate me."<ref name="DorianGray Chapter I">''The Picture of Dorian Gray'' (Penguin Classics) - Chapter I</ref> However, while Basil is shunned, Dorian wishes to emulate Lord Henry, which in turn, according to glbtq, an encyclopedia of gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender and queer culture, rouses Lord Henry from his "characteristic languor to a desire to influence Dorian, a process that is itself a sublimated expression of [[homosexuality]]."<ref name="glbtq"> [http://www.glbtq.com/literature/wilde_o,5.html glbtq >> literature >> Wilde, Oscar] - an analysis of the works of Oscar Wilde, from an encyclopedia of gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender and queer culture (retrieved [[29 July]] [[2006]])</ref> It is, however, worth noting that the only person Dorian claims to have loved is a woman, Sibyl Vane, so it is possible Wilde intended that his character display Greek [[pansexuality]].
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| The later corruption of Dorian seems to make what was once a boyish charm become a destructive influence. Basil asks why Dorian's "friendship is so fatal to young men", commenting upon the "shame and sorrow" that the father of one of the disgraced boys displays. Dorian only destroys these men when he becomes "intimate" with them, suggesting that the friendships between Dorian and the men in question become more than simply [[platonic]]. The shame associated with these relationships is bipartite: the families of the boys are upset that their sons may have indulged in a homosexual relationship with Dorian Gray, and also feel shame that they have now lost their place in society, their names having been sullied; their loss of status is encapsulated in Basil's questioning of Dorian: speaking of the Duke of Perth, a disgraced friend of Dorian's, he asks "what gentleman would associate with him?"<ref name="DorianGray Chapter XII" /> The novel is considered groundbreaking in the context that, in literature, "Dorian Gray was one of the first in a long list of [[hedonism|hedonistic]] fellows whose homosexual tendencies secured a terrible fate."<ref name="Meloy">{{cite web |last =Meloy |first =Kilian |title ="Influential Gay Characters in Literature" |work =AfterElton.com |url =http://www.afterelton.com/print/2007/9/groundbreakinggaycharacters |date =2007-09-24 |accessdate =2007-10-09 }}</ref>
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| ==Allusions to other works==
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| ===The Republic===
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| Glaucon and Adeimantus present the myth of Gyges' ring, by which Gyges made himself invisible. They ask Socrates, if one came into possession of such a ring, why should he act justly? Socrates replies that even if no one can see one's physical appearance, the soul is disfigured by the evils one commits. This disfigured (the antithesis of beautiful) and corrupt soul is imbalanced and disordered, and in itself undesirable regardless of other advantages of acting unjustly. Dorian Gray's portrait is the means by which other individuals, such as Dorian's friend Basil, shortly before Dorian kills him, may see Dorian's distorted soul. The portrait is also akin to Gyges' ring: for by making Dorian eternally youthful and innocent in appearance, he may commit crimes with impunity.
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| ===Tannhäuser===
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| At one point, Dorian Gray attends a performance of [[Richard Wagner]]'s opera, [[Tannhäuser (opera)|''Tannhäuser'']], and is explicitly said to personally identify with the work. Indeed, the opera bears some striking resemblances with the novel, and, in short, tells the story of a medieval (and historically real) singer, whose art is so beautiful that he causes [[Venus]], the goddess of love herself, to fall in love with him, and to offer him eternal life with her in the Venusburg. Tannhäuser becomes dissatisfied with his life there, however, and elects to return to the harsh world of reality, where, after taking part in a song-contest, he is sternly censured for his sensuality, and eventually dies in his search for repentance and the love of a good woman. It might even be argued that the end of the opera, in which a miracle announces the salvation of Tannhäuser's soul, suggests, perhaps, a more optimistic interpretation of Dorian's end than might otherwise be thought of.
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| ===Faust===
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| Wilde himself stated that "in every first novel the hero is the author as [[Christ]] or Faust." As in [[Faust]], a temptation is placed before the lead character Dorian, the potential for ageless beauty; Dorian indulges in this temptation. In both stories, the lead character entices a beautiful woman to love them and kills not only her, but also that woman's brother, who seeks revenge.<ref name="Faust">[http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/o/oscarwilde166669.html Oscar Wilde Quotes] - a quote from Oscar Wilde about ''The Picture of Dorian Gray'' and its likeness to [[Faust]] (retrieved [[7 July]] [[2006]])</ref> Wilde went on to say that the notion behind ''The Picture of Dorian Gray'' is "old in the history of literature" but was something to which he had "given a new form".<ref name="DorianGray Preface">'The Picture of Dorian Gray'' (Penguin Classics) - Preface</ref>
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| Unlike Faust, there is no point at which Dorian makes a deal with the [[devil]]. However, Lord Henry's [[cynic]]al outlook on life, and [[hedonistic]] nature seems to be in keeping with the idea of the devil's role, that of the temptation of the [[purity|pure]] and [[innocent]], qualities which Dorian exemplifies at the beginning of the book. Although Lord Henry takes an interest in Dorian, it does not seem that he is aware of the effect of his actions. However, Lord Henry advises Dorian that "the only way to get rid of a temptation is to yield to it. Resist it, and your soul grows sick with longing";<ref name="DorianGray Chapter II">''The Picture of Dorian Gray'' (Penguin Classics) - Chapter II</ref> in this sense, Lord Henry acts as the [[devil's advocate]], "leading Dorian into an unholy pact by manipulating his innocence and insecurity."<ref name="Devil's Advocate">[http://education.yahoo.com/homework_help/cliffsnotes/the_picture_of_dorian_gray/10.html The Picture of Dorian Gray] - a summary and commentary of Chapter II of ''The Picture of Dorian Gray'' (retrieved [[29 July]] [[2006]])</ref>
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| ===Tír na nÓg===
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| Another Irish tale which was of influence is of [[Oisín]] and ''[[Tír na nÓg]]'' (Land of Eternal Youth), a salutory tale of temptation and consequences.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} See also [[The Devil and Tom Walker]] by [[Washington Irving]].
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| ===Shakespeare===
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| In his preface, Wilde writes about [[Caliban (character)|Caliban]], a character from Shakespeare's play ''[[The Tempest (play)|The Tempest]]''.
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| When Dorian is telling Lord Henry Wotton about his new 'love', Sibyl Vane, he refers to all of the Shakespearean plays she has been in, referring to her as the heroine of each play. At a later time, he speaks of his life by quoting [[Hamlet]].
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| ===Joris-Karl Huysmans===
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| Dorian Grey's "poisonous French novel" is most likely Huysmans' ''[[À rebours]]''.
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| ==Literary significance==
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| [[Image:Doriangray wardlock.jpg|thumb|The publication details of the Ward, Lock & Co. edition]]
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| ''The Picture of Dorian Gray'' began as a short novel submitted to [[Lippincott's Monthly Magazine]]. In 1889, J. M. Stoddart, a proprietor for Lippincott, was in London to solicit short novels for the magazine. Wilde submitted the first version of ''The Picture of Dorian Gray'', which was published on [[20 June]] [[1890]] in the July edition of Lippincott's. There was a delay in getting Wilde's work to press while numerous changes were made to the manuscripts of the novel (some of which survive to this day). Some of these changes were made at Wilde's instigation, and some at Stoddart's. Wilde removed all references to the fictitious book "Le Secret de Raoul", and to its fictitious author, Catulle Sarrazin. The book and its author are still referred to in the published versions of the novel, but are unnamed.
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| Wilde also attempted to moderate some of the more [[homoerotic]] instances in the book, or instances whereby the intentions of the characters may be misconstrued. In the 1890 edition, Basil tells Henry how he "worships" Dorian, and begs him not to "take away the one person that makes my life absolutely lovely to me." The focus for Basil in the 1890 edition seems to be more towards love, whereas the Basil of the 1891 edition cares more for his art, saying "the one person who gives my art whatever charm it may possess: my life as an artist depends on him." The book was also extended greatly: the original thirteen chapters became twenty, and the final chapter was divided into two new chapters. The additions involved the "fleshing out of Dorian as a character" and also provided details about his ancestry, which helped to make his "psychological collapse more prolonged and more convincing."<ref name="DorianGray ANoteOnTheText">''The Picture of Dorian Gray'' (Penguin Classics) - A Note on the Text</ref>The character of James Vane was also introduced, which helped to elaborate upon Sibyl Vane's character and background; the addition of the character helped to emphasise and foreshadow Dorian's selfish ways, as James foresees Dorian's character, and guesses upon his future dishonourable actions (the inclusion of James Vane's sub-plot also gives the novel a more typically Victorian tinge, part of Wilde's attempts to decrease the controversy surrounding the book). Another notable change is that, in the latter half of the novel, events were specified as taking place around Dorian Gray's 32nd birthday, on [[7 November]]. After the changes, they were specified as taking place around Dorian Gray's 38th birthday, on [[9 November]], thereby extending the period of time over which the story occurs. The former date is also significant in that it coincides with the year in Wilde's life during which he was introduced to homosexual practices.
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| ===Preface===
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| The preface to ''The Picture of Dorian Gray'' was added, along with other amendments, after the edition published in [[Lippincott's Monthly Magazine|Lippincott's]] received criticism. Wilde used it to address these criticisms and defend the novel's reputation.<ref name="Preface Quote">[http://www.gradesaver.com/classicnotes/titles/dorian/section2.html GraderSave: ClassicNote] - a summary and analysis of the book and its preface (retrieved [[5 July]] [[2006]])</ref> It consists of a collection of statements about the role of the artist, art itself, the value of beauty, and serves as an indicator of the way in which Wilde intends the novel to be read, as well as traces of Wilde's exposure to [[Daoism]] and the writings of [[Zhuangzi]]. Shortly before penning the preface, Wilde reviewed [[Herbert Giles|Herbert A. Giles's]] translation of the writings of the Chinese Daoist philosopher.<ref name="Speaker I:6">The Preface first appeared with the publication of the novel in 1891. But by June of 1890, Wilde was defending his book (see ''The Letters of Oscar Wilde''], Merlin Holland and [[Rupert Hart-Davis]] eds., Henry Holt (2000), ISBN 0-8050-5915-6 and ''The Artist as Critic'', ed. [[Richard Ellmann]], University of Chicago (1968), ISBN 0-226-89764-8 — where Wilde's review of Giles's translation is incorrectly identified with [[Confucius]].) Wilde's review of Giles's translation was published in ''The Speaker'' of [[8 February]] [[1890]].</ref> In his review, he writes:
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| {{wikiquotepar|The Picture of Dorian Gray}}
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| <blockquote>The honest ratepayer and his healthy family have no doubt often mocked at the dome-like forehead of the philosopher, and laughed over the strange perspective of the landscape that lies beneath him. If they really knew who he was, they would tremble. For [[Zhuangzi|Chuang Tsǔ]] spent his life in preaching the great creed of Inaction, and in pointing out the uselessness of all things.<ref name="Artist as Critic 222">Ellmann, ''The Artist as Critic'', 222.</ref>
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| </blockquote>
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| ===Criticism===
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| Overall, initial critical reception of the book was poor, with the book gaining "certain notoriety for being 'mawkish and nauseous,' 'unclean,' 'effeminate,' and 'contaminating.'"<ref name="The Modern Library">[http://www.randomhouse.com/modernlibrary/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780679642091 The Modern Library] - a synopsis of the book coupled with a short biography of Oscar Wilde (retrieved [[6 July]] [[2006]])</ref> This had much to do with the novel's [[homoeroticism|homoerotic]] overtones, which caused something of a sensation amongst Victorian critics when first published. A large portion of the criticism was levelled at Wilde's perceived [[hedonism]], and its distorted views of conventional morality. The ''Daily Chronicle'' of [[30 June]] [[1890]] suggests that Wilde's novel contains "one element...which will taint every young mind that comes in contact with it." Although the element is not named explicitly, the homoeroticism of the novel, especially of the first edition, seems the likely subject. The ''Scots Observer'' of [[5 July]] [[1890]] asks why Wilde must "go grubbing in muck-heaps?” Wilde responded to such criticisms by curtailing some of the homoerotic tendencies, and by adding six chapters to the book in an effort to add background.<ref name="Addition">[http://www.cliffsnotes.com/WileyCDA/LitNote/id-144,pageNum-2.html CliffsNotes::The Picture of Dorian Gray] - an introduction and overview the book (retrieved [[5 July]] [[2006]])</ref>
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| ==Allusions from other works==
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| * Numerous songs and band names reference ''The Picture of Dorian Gray'' or its title character.
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| * [[Will Self]] updated the novel by placing events in June 1981, a time according to Self when "Britain was in the process of burning most of its remaining illusions."<ref name="Observer Review">[http://books.guardian.co.uk/reviews/generalfiction/0,,800783,00.html Observer review: Dorian by Will Self] - a review of [[Will Self]]'s reworking of ''The Picture of Dorian Gray'' (retrieved [[26 August]] [[2006]])</ref> In Self's novel, the [[homoeroticism]] that was merely an undertone of the original work becomes an overt theme: Self's Dorian indulges in [[Homosexuality|homosexual]] [[orgy|orgies]]. The portrait of Dorian is replaced with a [[postmodern]] piece of art involving [[video cassette recorder]]s and televisions
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| * In [[Amanda Filipacchi]]'s novel ''[[Nude Men]]'', one of the main characters is Lady Henrietta, a painter of nude men, who is a female version of Lord Henry from ''The Picture of Dorian Gray''. Like Lord Henry, she states her philosophies (which some might find immoral), in ways that make them sound very logical.
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| * [[Rick R. Reed]] also wrote ''A Face Without a Heart'', a variation on ''The Picture of Dorian Gray''; in lieu of a portrait, Reed has a sophisticated hologram which changes with each sin that Dorian commits
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| * ''The Picture of Dorian Gray'' was also parodied by contemporary [[journalist]] and [[novelist]] [[Robert S. Hichens]] in ''[[The Green Carnation]]''
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| * The 2006 [[Irvine Welsh]] novel [[The Bedroom Secrets of the Master Chefs]] has a number of similarities with ''The Picture of Dorian Gray''
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| * In [[Jasper Fforde|Jasper Fforde's]] book [[The Fourth Bear]], the protagonist [[Jack Spratt]] purchases a new car from a car dealership run by ''Dorian Gray''. The car does not get damaged in accidents while a painting of the car in the boot getting damaged instead. The cars odometer also goes backward with it eventually being destroyed when it reaches zero.
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| * The [[United States|American]] [[comic book]] series ''[[Starman (comics)|Starman]]'' has the unageing [[anti-hero]] [[The Shade]] discuss his own friendship with Oscar Wilde. The Shade insists that Dorian Gray is based on a real being, an immortal man who uses a demonic poster to steal souls. Interestingly the author made an error in having the character refer to the novel as the "Portrait of Dorian Gray." Although an unintentional mistake by the author, this was later incorporated into a major plot elements for the character.
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| * In the third book of the Nancy Drew Girl Detective Super Mystery book series, Nancy participates in a TV reality show about solving mysteries. The name Dorian Gray and Oscar Wilde appear several times as clues (with one of the other cast members mentioning that it was a famous 19th century novel), and Nancy visits Wilde's grave in Paris.
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| * In the American TV series ''[[Get Smart]]'' there is an episode from the fifth season called "Age Before Duty". In this episode, there is a scientist named Felix, who develops a paint that he calls "Dorian Gray". When this paint is used on a picture of somebody to retouch the picture, in order to make the person in it look old, the person ages extremely fast in real life (in a matter of hours; for instance, the episode begins with a man dying of old age, even though he is only 28 years old)..
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| * Michigan based progressive metal band Dorian Grey take their name from the book.
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| *In an episode of [[Family Guy]], Meg asks the family how she looks, and Stewie replies saying, "I'll put it this way: in an attic somewhere there's a portrait of you getting prettier".
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| *English rock band, The Libertines mention Dorian Gray in their song "Narcissist," saying "Well wouldn't it be nice to be Dorian Gray? Just for a day."
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| *In an interview with [[Katsura Hoshino]], they asked where the title [[D.Gray-man]] came from. The answer was from Dorian Gray, the D standing for Dorian.
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| *"Dorian" is the title of a song on the album [[Touched by the Crimson King]] by power metal band, [[Demons & Wizards]].
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| *Dorian Gray is mentioned in the James Blunt song [[Tears and Rain]].
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| *Liz Phair references to Dorian Gray in the song [[H.W.C]].
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| * An episode of [[Aaagh! It's the Mr. Hell Show]] contains a sketch entitled "A photocopy of Dorian Grey's Arse" wherein a young office worker named Dorian Grey takes a photocopy of his buttocks, which ages instead of Dorian's actual posterior, which remains taunt and youthful.
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| ==Film, television and theatrical adaptations==
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| <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Doriangraylxg.jpg|thumb|Dorian Gray as depicted in ''[[The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (film)|The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen]]'']] -->
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| {{main|Adaptations of The Picture of Dorian Gray}}
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| ''The Picture of Dorian Gray'' has been the subject of several [[film]] remakes.
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| * According to the [[BBC]], the most notable adaptation was [[Albert Lewin]]'s 1945 film ''[[The Picture of Dorian Gray (1945 film)|The Picture of Dorian Gray]]'',<ref name="BBC">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2000/10/12/picture_of_dorian_gray_1945_review.shtml BBC - Films - review] - a review of [[Albert Lewin]]'s film version of ''The Picture of Dorian Gray'' (retrieved [[27 August]] [[2006]]</ref> which won an [[Academy Award|Oscar]] for "Best Cinematography, Black-and-White". Unfortunately, this movie was found by many to still contain the homosexual undertones that are in the book and a blanket ban was placed on the movie.<ref name"Oscar">[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0037988/awards Awards for The Picture of Dorian Gray] - a list of awards presented to Albert Lewin's film version of ''The Picture of Dorian Gray'' (retrieved [[27 August]] [[2006]])</ref> One of the most noted aspects of this version was [[Albert Lewin|Lewin's]] choice to portray the film in black and white despite the fact that [[technicolor]] was available at the time. Instead, he shot the film in black and white, and used a "breathtaking" technicolor effect to show the effects Dorian's actions have on the portrait.<ref name="efilmcritic">[http://www.efilmcritic.com/review.php?movie=7821 Movie Review - Picture of Dorian Gray, The] - a review of Albert Lewin's film version of ''The Picture of Dorian Gray'' (retrieved [[27 August]] [[2006]])</ref>
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| * The BBC created a highly regarded TV version in 1976, with [[Peter Firth]] as Dorian Gray.
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| * Dorian Gray was a character portrayed by [[Stuart Townsend]] in [[Stephen Norrington]]'s ''[[The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (film)|The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen]]'', which was based on the [[graphic novel]] of the same name, written by [[Alan Moore]]. Dorian Gray was not originally included in Moore's graphic novel, and Dorian's inclusion was a decision made by Norrington. A "League of Extraordinary Gentlemen" is assembled in an attempt to stop the villain "The Phantom" from destroying [[Venice]]. Dorian Gray is selected for his [[immortality]]; however, the film version expands upon the novel by suggesting that not only does the portrait keep Dorian from aging, but also from suffering injuries. In addition, Dorian is unable to look at his own portrait; if he does, then the "spell" will be broken, and his powers will be lost — effectively killing him, as he had already reached an age impossible for any mortal being, as well as suffered numerous injuries. During the film, he is revealed to have had a past relationship with fellow immortal [[Mina Harker]] — she, a [[vampire]] — but it is later revealed that he is actually a double agent, secretly working for the Phantom, who has stolen his portrait to blackmail him into acquiring samples of the other League members so that he can duplicate their powers. At the conclusion of the film, Dorian fights Mina in a duel, which ends when he is pinned to the wall with his own sword and forced to look at his portrait, turning him to dust in a matter of seconds.<ref name="Dorian Gray - League of Extraordinary Gentlemen">[http://www.internationalhero.co.uk/d/doriangraylxg.htm Dorian Gray, The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen] - an overview of Dorian Gray as he is presented in the film [[The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (film)]] (retrieved [[27 August]] [[2006]])</ref>
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| * A new film version of ''The Picture of Dorian Gray'' is currently in production, directed by [[Jon Cunningham]] and filmed in [[the Czech Republic]].<ref>[http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/1809739301/info Yahoo! Movies listing for new movie]</ref>
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| * ''[http://dorian-the-musical.com/ Dorian-The Remarkable Mister Gray]'', book, music and lyrics by Randy Bowser, premiered April 18, 2008, and ran through May 10 at the [http://www.pentacletheatre.org/ Pentacle Theatre]in Salem, Oregon. It has since been picked up by [http://www.glendale.cc.ca.us/theatre/productions/HAIR/michael_butler.htm Michael Butler] to produce a run in Los Angeles in the Fall of 2008.<ref>http://rbowser.tripod.com/dorian/statesman-butler-contract.html</ref>
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| * The [[Faust]]ian theme of ''The Picture of Dorian Gray'' has also made it a popular choice for television, being adapted for use as a storyline for episodes in some [[television series]]':
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| ** The theme of being able to remain young forever was used in the British [[science fiction]] TV show ''[[Blake's 7]]'' in the episode ''Rescue'' which debuted season 4. In it a character named Dorian forces others to absorb his physical and mental defects via a monster he holds in a cave far beneath the surface of the planet Xenon. When the creature is killed, Dorian dies an horrific death.
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| ** ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'' also used the novel as inspiration for its 129th episode ''[[Man of the People (TNG episode)|Man of the People]]''. In the episode, an Ambassador Ves Alkar uses women as an object to which all of his negative aspects can be channelled. This results in the women's dispositions changing, each becoming more and more irritable. They also begin to age much more quickly, until they "burn out" and die. Deanna Troi becomes a near victim, until a plan is created to cause Ves Alkar to receive all of the emotions he has channelled away from himself. When this occurs, he rapidly ages and dies from his own emotions, much in the same way Dorian Gray does after confronting his portrait at the end of ''The Picture of Dorian Gray''
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| * An operatic version of ''The Picture of Dorian Gray'' was staged by [[Lowell Liebermann]]. Liebermann wanted to base a play on ''The Picture of Dorian Gray'' because "the book made an impression on [him] as no other book has yet done".<ref name="Liebermann/">[http://www.operaworld.com/special/dorian1.shtml OperaWorld.com's Opera Insights: The Picture of Dorian Gray] - a discussion of ''The Picture of Dorian Gray'', and the play by the same name composed by Lowell Libermann (retrieved [[30 August]] [[2006]]])</ref> Premiered at the [[Monte Carlo Opera]] in 1996,<ref name"Liebermann">[http://www.usoperaweb.com/2002/june/liebermann.htm us Operaweb - The Picture of Dorian Gray] - an overview of the operatic version of ''The Picture of Dorian Gray'', with quotes from the [[composer]] (retrieved [[30 August]]) 2006</ref> Liebermann put a lot of emphasis on the [[musical score]] of the play, saying:
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| {{quote|The entire opera is based on a twelve-note row which is used not serially, but tonally. It is first heard at the beginning of the opera in pizzicato cellos and basses. It is harmonised as Dorian's theme and then as the painting theme. As the painting disintegrates and becomes corrupted, so does its theme. The twelve consecutive scenes of the opera occur in the keys of the consecutive pitches of the note-row. In this manner the entire opera becomes one grand passacaglia, a variation of Dorian's theme, a picture of the picture---the tonal structure generated by a non-tonal device, a further metaphor for the form/content divide that generates the novel's dramatic structure.|[http://www.operaworld.com/special/dorian1.shtml Opera World]}}
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| * In 2007 The novel was adapted into a 3 act stage play by Australian playwrights Greg Eldridge and Liam Suckling ([http://www.diatomicproductions.com Diatomic Productions]). The play is to have its world premiere in Melbourne, Australia on May 22, 2008 [http://www.doriangray.com.au Tickets and further information]
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| * The afternoon [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] daytime drama ''[[Dark Shadows]]'' (1966-1971) featured a storyline clearly inspired by Wilde's novel, in which a portrait of Quentin Collins aged grotesquely while Collins himself remained youthful. ABC also presented an adaptation of ''Dorian Gray'' itself as a 1973 entry in its ''[[ABC Movie of the Week|Movie of the Week]]'' series directed by [[Glenn Jordan]], produced by [[Dan Curtis]] and starring [[Shane Briant]].
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| * ''[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0086315/ The Sins of Dorian Gray]'' is a 1983 [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] [[television movie]] featuring [[Belinda Bauer]] as an actress whose first [[screen test]] as a young starlet ages, while she becomes a star known for remaining unusually youthful.
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| * A ballet adaptation of Dorian Gray by [[Matthew Bourne]], the English choreographer best known for his very successful Swan Lake and his more recent dance version of Edward Scissorhands, will open in Edinburgh in August 2008.
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| ==Footnotes and references==
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| <!--This section uses the Cite.php citation mechanism. If you would like more information on how to add references to this article, please see http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cite/Cite.php -->
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| {{reflist}}
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| ==See also==
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| {{portal|Oscar Wilde}}
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| *[[List of cultural references in The Picture of Dorian Gray|List of cultural references in ''The Picture of Dorian Gray'']]
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| *[[Adaptations of The Picture of Dorian Gray|Adaptations of ''The Picture of Dorian Gray'']]
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| == External links ==
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| {{wikisource|The Picture of Dorian Gray}}
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| *Replica of the 1890 Edition at [http://web.uvic.ca/~gifford/eng433/dorian.htm University of Victoria]
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| *{{gutenberg|no=4078|name=The Picture of Dorian Gray (13-chapter version)}}
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| *{{gutenberg|no=174|name=The Picture of Dorian Gray (20-chapter version)}}
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| *{{imdb title|id=0037988|title=The Picture of Dorian Gray}}
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| *Audioversion at [http://librivox.org/the-picture-of-dorian-gray-by-oscar-wilde/ Librivox]
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| *[http://literapedia.wikispaces.com/The+Picture+of+Dorian+Gray The Picture of Dorian Gray] at [[Literapedia]]
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