Gallifreyan physiology

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The Gallifreyans, despite looking similar to Humans, have a variety of biological differences that set them apart.

Most of the known information of the Gallifreyans is based on the Time Lords, particularly the Doctor. Consequently, the following articles may have some inaccuracies due to these biases.

External anatomy

Externally, Gallifreyans are identical to Humans, however, whereas the Humans of Earth have a diverse range of ethnicities, Gallifreyans tends to have a mostly Eurasian appearance.

Resiliance

Gallifreyans are generally tough and resilient, being able to survive extreme cold (DW: The Seeds of Doom) and extreme heat (DW: The End of the World). They could survive the subzero temperatures of vacuum for around 6 minutes (DW: Four to Doomsday) as well electric shocks that would be fatal to Humans (DW: World War Three) and very high does of radiation, although it was vital to expel the radiation afterwards, although the process of expulsion did cause an itch in the area where the radiation was expelled from, such as from a foot into a shoe. (DW: Smith and Jones)

Body temperature

Gallifreyans have a mean body temperature of 60 degrees on the Earth Fahrenheit scale (16 degrees Celsius). (DW: Spearhead from Space)

Senses

Gallifreyans have better senses then a Human. Using taste, the Doctor was able to identify the blood type of a sample. (DW: The Christmas Invasion, NA: Bad Therapy) Gallifreyan eyes are better at seeing in the dark and can gather and enhance available light. (NA: Lucifer Rising)

Internal anatomy

The Brain

For differences between Time Lord and Human brains see Time Lord anatomy. Some of these differences may also apply to the difference between the brains of Humans and ordinary Gallifreyans, as well.

Circulatory system

Gallifreyan blood is different in composition then a Human's, though similar in colour. It doesn't have the same A and B types. (DW: Spearhead from Space, The Invisible Enemy')

Dual cardiovascular system

Natural-born Gallifreyans born before the time of Rassilon and Pythia had two hearts. (NA: Cat's Cradle: Time's Crucible, Lungbarrow)

File:St--3a14.jpg
Chest x-ray showing the Doctor's hearts.

Loom-born Gallifreyans (be they Time Lord or not) born after Pythia's curse of sterility, are loomed/born with a single heart and gain their second heart after their first regeneration. (MA: The Man in the Velvet Mask), "one for casual, one for best" as Romana once joked. (source?) Time Lords can survive with only one heart, should the other be punctured or destroyed, though they will be weakened greatly (MA: Managra). Even if all the blood is removed from one cardiovascular system, the Time Lord can still survive. (DW: Smith and Jones)

Romana could stop her hearts at will and feign death. (DW: Destiny of the Daleks) They only have a resting heart-beat of 10. (DW: Spearhead from Space)

Repiratory system

In order to use these two hearts, the Time Lords require advanced respiratory system. Instead of large lungs, they have a series of pulmonary tubes parallel to the lymphatic system. This makes them positively buoyant, which allows them to swim with ease. (PDA: Island of Death) This also means they can place themselves in a trance state which reduces the need for oxygen. (DW: Terror of the Zygons, Four to Doomsday) Gallifreyans are immune to the effect of helium gas, which can make Human voices sound high-pitched and squeaky. (DW: The Robots of Death)

Gallifreyan also have a respiratory bypass system, which allows them to survive strangulation (DW: Pyramids of Mars). It also means that they can survive longer without much oxygen, past the point where a Human would be unconscious. (DW: The Ark in Space, Smith and Jones)

The Doctor found himself susceptible to drowning and strangulation on one occasion, but then that took place in the Matrix, which had different physical laws and conditions. (DW: The Deadly Assassin)

Miscellaneous informations

On one occasion, the Doctor may not have sobered up quickly but have only feigned drunkenness in the first place, in order to trick the Clockwork Droids. (DW: The Girl in the Fireplace)
We do not know if all incarnations of the Doctor had this problem or just some of them, or what exact effect the allergy had on him.