Israel was a country in Asia on Earth. Prior to 1948, Israel was known as Palestine.
In 1st century, Israel (then known as Judaea) was a subject of the Roman Empire. The First Doctor, Susan, Ian and Barbara visited during this time and became caught up in the siege on Masada. (PROSE: The Last Days)
In the 12th century, King Richard I of England fought Saracens in the Crusades in Palestine. He was assisted by the Doctor, Ian, Barbara and Vicki. (TV: The Crusade)
In 1948, as a private in the British Army, Wilfred Mott was stationed in the British Mandate of Palestine and witnessed the end of the mandate. (TV: The End of Time)
The Third Doctor and Jo Grant visited Israel in the 1970s. (PROSE: The Suns of Caresh)