Genesis of the Cybermen

The Cybermen were known to have developed through numerous accounts on many different worlds and even many different universes, according to the Twelfth Doctor these included Mondas, Telos, Earth, Planet 14 and Marinus, making it somewhat unclear which versions of the Cybermen started where. (TV: The Doctor Falls)

Interestingly, many groups of Cybermen were created for different reasons. By most accounts, the Cybermen of Mondas were born out of desperation to survive in an unsustainable environment. (TV: The Tenth Planet, et. al) The Cybermen of Telos were created as an attempt to gain immortality, (PROSE: Doctor Who and the Cybermen) while the Cybermen of Earth in an alternate universe were created to find humanity's next "upgrade". (TV: Rise of the Cybermen, The Age of Steel, et. al) In any case, the Cybermen were in most situations created as the next natural step in the evolution of whatever humanoids were present.

History

Cybermen of the Doctor's universe

Creation on Mondas

One account stated the planet Marinus was an earlier name for Mondas. According to this account, the Voord acquired Worldshaper technology to accelerate time and turn themselves into full cyborgs. The Cybermen later remembered this planet as Planet 14. (COMIC: The World Shapers)

The Doctor with one of the Voord Cybermen. (COMIC: The World Shapers)

Another account did not explain the earliest origins of the Cybermen, but showed Cybermen existed on Mondas alongside the Lizard Kings, the Mondasian versions of Silurians, as well as the Sea Devils. These Cybermen died out until centuries later when Mondasian archaeologists discovered the remnants of ancient Cybertechnology. Presumably, the Mondasians recreated the ancient Cybermen. (COMIC: The Cybermen)

Yet another account showed that as Mondas travelled beyond the outermost planets of the solar system, conditions on the planet deteriorated. The Fifth Doctor and Nyssa arrived on Mondas prior to the rise of the Cybermen. They discovered the survivors living in an underground city roughly on a parallel with Britain in the 1950s, although with more advanced technology. They witnessed the Mondasians slowly slide towards cyber-conversion, as the Faction had. The Mondasian cyber-conversion program was conceived by the cybernetic gestalt intelligence controlling Mondas as a solution to the planet's increasingly desperate situation. These early Cybermen were, however, plagued with serious design flaws and the conversion method proved very unstable as the biological systems of most of its unfortunate victims would fail soon after they were turned, causing most subjects to perish. The conversion project's chief scientist, Doctorman Allan, managed to discover a solution when the Doctor was captured by Mondasian police. By using data extracted from a forcibly biological analysis of the Doctor, she discovered an extra brain lobe unique to Time Lords, dedicated to mechanical and other bodily functions. She was able to replicate this trait into a new Cyberman prototype, greatly increasing the survival rate of the newly converted. The Doctor was horrified about his unwilling hand in the creation of the Cyber race, so much so that he tried to derail history by poisoning the Cyber-Planner before it could manage to convert the entire population, and afterwards he helped the Mondasians with starting a research program into how to undo the conversion process. However, after the Doctor and Nyssa's departure, it turned out his efforts were ultimately in vain as the Cybermen soon overpowered and converted the remaining Mondasians. (AUDIO: Spare Parts)

The Cybermen evolved and changed on Mondas. The CyberFaction, a group dedicated to more radical cyber-conversion, moved to Planet 14. The Mondans stayed on their home planet. (PROSE: Iceberg)

Creation on a Mondasian colony ship

Another account states that at least one group of the Mondasian Cybermen were first created on a newly built Mondasian colony ship. The ship was in orbit of a black hole and, as a result, time in the top of the ship ran faster than in its bottom, where descendants of the original skeleton crew lived. With their part of the ship becoming old and uninhabitable, the colonists began transforming themselves into Cybermen with the participation of the Saxon Master. In front of his future self, he presented a fully Cyber-converted Bill Potts to the Twelfth Doctor and declared this ship to be "the genesis of the Cybermen". (TV: World Enough and Time)

The Doctor later states that the Cybermen "always get started" everywhere there's people. The Doctor describes the Cybermen as "inevitable" and calls it "parallel evolution." (TV: The Doctor Falls)

Other universes

Independently, John Lumic, the CEO of Cybus Industries, created the Cybermen of a parallel Earth. (TV: Rise of the Cybermen/The Age of Steel)

Behind the scenes

Continuity contradictions

Taken at face value, the origins of the Cybermen given in the Doctor Who Magazine comics feature The Cybermen conflicts with that given in Spare Parts and neither accords very well with The World Shapers, which had earlier appeared in Doctor Who Magazine. Lance Parkin has speculated that perhaps Cybermen have originated in different planets and times independently, just as they had in different universes, as illustrated by the parallel universe Cybermen having no connection with the Cybermen of the main universe. The television story World Enough and Time showed the creation of the Cybermen on a Mondasian colony ship, suggesting that the Cybermen did indeed have numerous beginnings.

Alternatively, the Cybermen shown in The World Shapers may have preceded the ones in The Cybermen, though they do not match visually. (The former resemble the sleeker, later Cybermen while the Cybermen of The Cybermen resemble the ones of The Tenth Planet.) The explanation of the creation of Mondas by the Constructors of Destiny in The Quantum Archangel also contradicts that given in The World Shapers.