The Question
The Question was, according to the Teselecta's computer, "the first question in the universe, hidden in plain sight." It was the organising principle for the religious movement known as the Silence. They thought that "silence will fall when the Question is asked".
More specifically, the Silence believed that
... on the Fields of Trenzalore, at the fall of the Eleventh, when no creature can speak falsely or fail to answer, a question will be asked — a question that must never be answered. Doctor Who?! Doctor Who?! DOC-TOR WHO?!!
The Silence planned to kill the Doctor, whom they believed was the only one who knew the answer to the Question. (TV: Let's Kill Hitler) The first attempts were to turn Melody Pond into a weapon to kill the Doctor in 1938 Berlin and in 2011 on the beach of Lake Silencio. The attempt failed, although the Silence believed it was successful. Unbeknownst to the Silence, the Doctor had used the Teselecta to fake his death at Lake Silencio. (TV: The Impossible Astronaut, Let's Kill Hitler, The Wedding of River Song)
Dorium Maldovar told the Doctor that "silence will fall when the question is asked" was a poor translation. A better translation would be "silence must fall...". Although the Teselecta's databases were unable to identify the Question, Dorium claimed to know it although it is unknown how he came by the knowledge. According to him, the Question was actually "Doctor who?!" (TV: Let's Kill Hitler, The Wedding of River Song)
