Oxygen
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Oxygen was an element with the symbol O (PROSE: Christmas on a Rational Planet) and atomic number 8. (TV: Shada)
Oxygen, like hydrogen and sodium, had a unique emission wavelength that could be measured by a spectrograph. (TV: The Sensorites)
Earth's atmosphere was 80% nitrogen and 20% oxygen, which was a sufficient atmosphere for human survival. (AUDIO: The Resurrection of Mars, TV: The Doctor's Daughter)
Liquid oxygen could be abbreviated to "LOX". (TV: Dalek)
Biology
Oxygen was vital on space stations and spacecraft to allow some life forms, such as humans, to breathe. (TV: The Moonbase) If a human went without oxygen, they would die within three to four minutes of oxygen starvation. (TV: The Seeds of Death).
Other species (such as Time Lords or Silurians) could survive for longer than humans could with a lack of oxygen by storing it in their lungs or with a respiratory bypass system. (TV: Four to Doomsday, Deep Breath)
Some species (such as Qetesh or the Pting) did not require oxygen to survive, (TV: Goodbye, Sarah Jane Smith, The Tsuranga Conundrum) and yet others (such as Rills or Mogarians) could be poisoned by it. (TV: Galaxy 4, Terror of the Vervoids)
Plant life could use enzymes to convert carbon dioxide into oxygen, which became important in ensuring Earth's atmosphere was livable for humans. (TV: The Ark in Space, Flesh and Stone, In the Forest of the Night) Dregs and Wirrns also had this ability, breathing carbon dioxide and exhaling oxygen as a waste product, and required carbon dioxide-rich environments to survive. (TV: The Ark in Space, Orphan 55)
Chemistry
Hydrogen became very explosive in the presence of oxygen, (TV: Castrovalva) but hydrogen and oxygen made up H₂O. (PROSE: Christmas on a Rational Planet)
Fire could not exist without oxygen, so the presence of fire meant that the immediate area was oxygen-rich. (TV: Empress of Mars)
Vionesium reacted with oxygen to produce light and carbon dioxide in large quantities. (TV: Terror of the Vervoids)
History
In the 2000s, the atmosphere of Izdaal's tomb on Mars, while rich enough in nitrogen for the Ice Warriors to thrive in, also had enough oxygen for humans and Time Lords to breathe. (AUDIO: Red Dawn)
In 2012, a yellow canister of liquid oxygen was present in Henry van Statten's vault. (TV: Dalek)
On one day in the 2010s, trees mysteriously grew across all the land on Earth. As the Twelfth Doctor discovered, it was a defence mechanism to protect the planet from the threat of a solar flare with excess oxygen. Once the solar flare struck and the worldwide forest's work of preservation succeeded, it promptly regressed to its former state. (TV: In the Forest of the Night)
In 2020, Dorothy McShane had an oxygen mask over her nose and mouth as apart of full medical examination to be a passenger on the Virgil. (PROSE: At Childhood's End)
On Moonbase Laika in 2070, oxygen levels were measured, alongside with pressure and humidity. All dropped when the Moonbase's dome was breached by the Cybermen. (TV: The Moonbase)
In the 23rd century, the Eighth Doctor had altered Mars' atmosphere with the atmospheric re-ioniser on Deimos Moonbase to make it the same consistency as that of Earth, saving the human colonists below. (AUDIO: The Resurrection of Mars) Before then, Mars' atmosphere had been largely nitrogen, with virtually no oxygen or hydrogen. (TV: The Savages)
By the 51st century, human space vessels could house oxygen factories in the form of synthetic forests, nicknamed "treeborgs". These used starlight to produce oxygen. (TV: Flesh and Stone) Also in that century, in the caves of Androzani Minor there were low levels of the element. The Fifth Doctor claimed he could go down there because he could store oxygen for several minutes. However, Sharaz Jek gave him an oxygen cylinder the same. Moreover, the Doctor's TARDIS was provided with oxygenators. (TV: The Caves of Androzani)
Undated events
Adric, Varsh, and a number of other Alzarians used oxygen cylinders against the Marshmen, causing a change in the atmosphere too quickly for them to adapt to. They then proceeded to flood the ship with the gas, forcing the Marshmen to flee. Their Starliner had an electrolytic power supply, enabling it to create its own oxygen. (TV: Full Circle)
There were oxygen factories on Venus during Empress Vulpina's reign. (AUDIO: Voyage to Venus)
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