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{{retitle|''Buffy the Vampire Slayer'' (franchise)}}
{{retitle|''Buffy the Vampire Slayer'' (franchise)}}
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{{Infobox Merchandise
|image        = Buffy the Vampire Slayer.jpg
|type        = Television series, Multimedia franchise
|release date = [[1997 (releases)|1997]] - [[2003 (releases)|2003]] (television series)
}}
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{{you may|Buffy the Vampire Slayer|n1=the in-universe use of this topic}}
{{you may|Buffy the Vampire Slayer|n1=the in-universe use of this topic}}
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Often credited as changing the landscape of television in terms of blurring the lines between drama and comedy, and episodic vs serialised storytelling, ''Buffy'' was a big influence on the revived series of ''[[Doctor Who]]'', as well as ''[[Torchwood]]''.<ref>http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2015-07-15/anthony-head-how-doctor-whos-revival-was-influenced-by-buffy-the-vampire-slayer</ref> <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3576629.stm Piper in line for Doctor Who role]</ref><ref>[http://www.digitalspy.com/british-tv/news/a38295/davies-buffy-angel-inspired-torchwood.html#~p3aIGnA9ww0M9m Davies: 'Buffy', 'Angel' inspired 'Torchwood']</ref>
Often credited as changing the landscape of television in terms of blurring the lines between drama and comedy, and episodic vs serialised storytelling, ''Buffy'' was a big influence on the revived series of ''[[Doctor Who]]'', as well as ''[[Torchwood]]''.<ref>http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2015-07-15/anthony-head-how-doctor-whos-revival-was-influenced-by-buffy-the-vampire-slayer</ref> <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3576629.stm Piper in line for Doctor Who role]</ref><ref>[http://www.digitalspy.com/british-tv/news/a38295/davies-buffy-angel-inspired-torchwood.html#~p3aIGnA9ww0M9m Davies: 'Buffy', 'Angel' inspired 'Torchwood']</ref>


== Connections with the ''Doctor Who'' Universe ==
== Connections with the ''Doctor Who'' Universe==
=== Buffyverse references ===
===Buffyverse references===
Elements of the [[Doctor Who universe|''Doctor Who'' universe]] have been specifically mentioned in the Buffyverse, most notably in the season 6 episode of ''Buffy'', "{{iw|buffy|Smashed}}", when {{iw|buffy|Andrew Wells|Andrew}} mentions that he has seen "every episode of ''Doctor Who.''"
Elements of the [[Doctor Who universe|''Doctor Who'' universe]] have been specifically mentioned in the Buffyverse, most notably in the season 6 episode of ''Buffy'', "{{iw|buffy|Smashed}}", when {{iw|buffy|Andrew Wells|Andrew}} mentions that he has seen "every episode of ''Doctor Who.''"


There have also been several references to the show in the comics which continue the narrative of the series. <ref>The comics which contain the references are also considered canonical, due the involvement of creator Joss Whedon.</ref> [[David Tennant]] appeared as himself in the comic ''{{iw|buffy|In Perfect Harmony}}'', along with a joke about the [[The Doctor's TARDIS|TARDIS]], and a miniature figure of a [[Dalek]] is in {{iw|buffy|Alexander Harris|Xander Harris}}' room in ''{{iw|buffy|Welcome to the Team, Part One}}'' and ''{{iw|buffy|I Wish, Part Two}}''.
There have also been several references to the show in the comics which continue the narrative of the series. <ref>The comics which contain the references are also considered canonical, due the involvement of creator Joss Whedon.</ref> [[David Tennant]] appeared as himself in the comic ''{{iw|buffy|In Perfect Harmony}}'', along with a joke about the [[The Doctor's TARDIS|TARDIS]], and a miniature figure of a [[Dalek]] is in {{iw|buffy|Alexander Harris|Xander Harris}}' room in ''{{iw|buffy|Welcome to the Team, Part One}}'' and ''{{iw|buffy|I Wish, Part Two}}''.


=== Crossovers ===
===Crossovers===
[[File:TenRoseBuffyComic.jpg|thumb|The Doctor and Rose — or at least lookalikes — appear in ''No Future For You''.]]
[[File:TenRoseBuffyComic.jpg|thumb|[[Tenth Doctor|The Doctor]] and [[Rose Tyler|Rose]] — or at least lookalikes — appear in ''No Future For You''.|left]]
Each of the two fictional universes also contain at least one reference to an in-universe element of the other. In the Buffyverse, this occurs when the [[Tenth Doctor]] and [[Rose Tyler]] made a cameo appearance in the comic ''{{iw|buffy|No Future for You, Part One|No Future for You}}''.
Each of the two fictional universes also contain at least one reference to an in-universe element of the other. In the Buffyverse, this occurs when the [[Tenth Doctor]] and [[Rose Tyler]] made a cameo appearance in the comic ''{{iw|buffy|No Future for You, Part One|No Future for You}}''.


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''[[Possum Kingdom (short story)|Possum Kingdom]]'' also mentions [[Sunnydale]] as a city where [[Yesterways LTD]] wanted to take the visitors of the [[The V is for Vampire Tour|V is for Vampire Tour]]. {{iw|buffy|Sunnydale}} is the main setting of the ''Buffy'' Television series. The city is again mentioned when the [[Eighth Doctor]] told [[Anji Kapoor]] that any real vampires would shun cities like Sunnydale and [[New Orleans]], although she did not believe that Sunnydale was real. ([[PROSE]]: ''[[The City of the Dead (novel)|The City of the Dead]]'')
''[[Possum Kingdom (short story)|Possum Kingdom]]'' also mentions [[Sunnydale]] as a city where [[Yesterways LTD]] wanted to take the visitors of the [[The V is for Vampire Tour|V is for Vampire Tour]]. {{iw|buffy|Sunnydale}} is the main setting of the ''Buffy'' Television series. The city is again mentioned when the [[Eighth Doctor]] told [[Anji Kapoor]] that any real vampires would shun cities like Sunnydale and [[New Orleans]], although she did not believe that Sunnydale was real. ([[PROSE]]: ''[[The City of the Dead (novel)|The City of the Dead]]'')


=== Similarities ===
===Similarities===
* Perhaps the biggest similarity is that vampires appear in several ''[[Doctor Who]]'' stories, such as ''[[State of Decay (TV story)|State of Decay]]'' and ''[[Vampire Science (novel)|Vampire Science]]''. There are also others that include [[Vampire (mythology)|vampire-like]] [[alien]]s, most notably ''[[The Vampires of Venice (TV story)|The Vampires of Venice]]'' which specifically refers to "vampires", but which are later revealed to be [[Saturnyn]]s.
* Perhaps the biggest similarity is that vampires appear in several ''[[Doctor Who]]'' stories, such as ''[[State of Decay (TV story)|State of Decay]]'' and ''[[Vampire Science (novel)|Vampire Science]]''. There are also others that include [[Vampire (mythology)|vampire-like]] [[alien]]s, most notably ''[[The Vampires of Venice (TV story)|The Vampires of Venice]]'' which specifically refers to "vampires", but which are later revealed to be [[Saturnyn]]s.
* Other similar villains and characters include {{iw|buffy|Gill Monsters|fish-like creatures}} that resemble the [[Silurian]]s in the ''Buffy'' episode "{{iw|buffy|Go Fish}}", and living ventriloquist dolls also feature in both ''[[The Talons of Weng-Chiang (TV story)|The Talons of Weng-Chiang]]'', and ''{{iw|buffy|The Puppet Show}}''.
*Other similar villains and characters include {{iw|buffy|Gill Monsters|fish-like creatures}} that resemble the [[Silurian]]s in the ''Buffy'' episode "{{iw|buffy|Go Fish}}", and living ventriloquist dolls also feature in both ''[[The Talons of Weng-Chiang (TV story)|The Talons of Weng-Chiang]]'', and ''{{iw|buffy|The Puppet Show}}''.
* The recurring villain in the first season of ''Buffy'', an {{iw|buffy|The Master|ancient vampire}}, also shares the same name as the Doctor's friend/nemesis [[the Master]].
* The recurring villain in the first season of ''Buffy'', an {{iw|buffy|The Master|ancient vampire}}, also shares the same name as the Doctor's friend/nemesis [[the Master]].
* Both ''Doctor Who'' and ''Buffy'' also have a spin-off, darker in tone, in which an immortal protagonist moves to a city and protects the public from things they often cannot comprehend, ''[[Torchwood (TV series)|Torchwood]]'' and ''{{iw|buffy|Angel (series)|Angel}}'' respectively.
*Both ''Doctor Who'' and ''Buffy'' also have a spin-off, darker in tone, in which an immortal protagonist moves to a city and protects the public from things they often cannot comprehend, ''[[Torchwood (TV series)|Torchwood]]'' and ''{{iw|buffy|Angel (series)|Angel}}'' respectively.
* The [[Cardiff Space-Time Rift|Cardiff rift]] was a plot generator for [[Series 1 (Torchwood)|series 1]] and [[Series 2 (Torchwood)|2]] of ''Torchwood'', in the same way that the {{iw|buffy|Hellmouth}} is in ''Buffy the Vampire Slayer''. Both series also have episodes entitled '[[End of Days (TV story)|End of Days]]'.
*The [[Cardiff Space-Time Rift|Cardiff rift]] was a plot generator for [[Series 1 (Torchwood)|series 1]] and [[Series 2 (Torchwood)|2]] of ''Torchwood'', in the same way that the {{iw|buffy|Hellmouth}} is in ''Buffy the Vampire Slayer''. Both series also have episodes entitled '[[End of Days (TV story)|End of Days]]'.
* In the Buffy episode "{{iw|buffy|As You Were}}", {{iw|buffy|Spike}} uses the alias "The Doctor" when breeding and planning to sell a species of dangerous demons.
*In the Buffy episode "{{iw|buffy|As You Were}}", {{iw|buffy|Spike}} uses the alias "The Doctor" when breeding and planning to sell a species of dangerous demons.
* The audio drama ''[[Minuet in Hell (audio story)|Minuet in Hell]]'' also has several similarities. It features an organisation that is dedicated to dealing with supernatural beings, fronted by a young girl, in a similar way to the {{iw|buffy|Watchers Council}} and {{iw|buffy|The Slayer|the Slayer}}. In addition, the use of the phrase "Bored now" before attacking someone is also seen in the 'Buffy' episodes "{{iw|buffy|The Wish}}", "{{iw|buffy|Doppelgängland}}", and "{{iw|buffy|Villains}}". It also thematically similar to Whedon's later series, ''{{iw|dollhouse|Dollhouse (series)|Dollhouse}}''.
*The audio drama ''[[Minuet in Hell (audio story)|Minuet in Hell]]'' also has several similarities. It features an organisation that is dedicated to dealing with supernatural beings, fronted by a young girl, in a similar way to the {{iw|buffy|Watchers Council}} and {{iw|buffy|The Slayer|the Slayer}}. In addition, the use of the phrase "Bored now" before attacking someone is also seen in the 'Buffy' episodes "{{iw|buffy|The Wish}}", "{{iw|buffy|Doppelgängland}}", and "{{iw|buffy|Villains}}". It also thematically similar to Whedon's later series, ''{{iw|dollhouse|Dollhouse (series)|Dollhouse}}''.
* In ''[[Assimilation² (comic story)|Assimilation²]]'', [[Rory Williams]] uses his knowledge as a [[Roman]] [[Centurion]] to bluff two guards into allowing him to pass, a tactic also used by {{iw|buffy|Alexander Harris|Xander Harris}} in the episode ''{{iw|buffy|Innocence}}''. Like Rory, Xander also received his knowledge after an alternate 'existence' as a soldier.
*In ''[[Assimilation² (comic story)|Assimilation²]]'', [[Rory Williams]] uses his knowledge as a [[Roman]] [[Centurion]] to bluff two guards into allowing him to pass, a tactic also used by {{iw|buffy|Alexander Harris|Xander Harris}} in the episode ''{{iw|buffy|Innocence}}''. Like Rory, Xander also received his knowledge after an alternate 'existence' as a soldier.
* [[The Silence]] reminded some critics of the {{iw|buffy|Gentlemen}}, the villains in {{iw|buffy|Hush}}.<ref>[http://www.aoltv.com/2011/04/24/doctor-who-season-6-episode-1-recap 'Doctor Who' Season 6, Episode 1 Recap]</ref><ref>[http://www.zap2it.com/blogs/doctor_who_recap_hes_hot_when_hes_clever-2011-04 'Doctor Who' recap: He's Hot When He's Clever]</ref>
*[[The Silence]] reminded some critics of the {{iw|buffy|Gentlemen}}, the villains in {{iw|buffy|Hush}}.<ref>[http://www.aoltv.com/2011/04/24/doctor-who-season-6-episode-1-recap 'Doctor Who' Season 6, Episode 1 Recap]</ref><ref>[http://www.zap2it.com/blogs/doctor_who_recap_hes_hot_when_hes_clever-2011-04 'Doctor Who' recap: He's Hot When He's Clever]</ref>
* ''[[Lungbarrow (novel)|Lungbarrow]]'' author [[Marc Platt]] compared [[K9]]'s way of speaking the unspeakable, unconstrained by the human vices of politeness and consideration to {{iw|buffy|Anya Jenkins}}' similar way of speaking.
* ''[[Lungbarrow (novel)|Lungbarrow]]'' author [[Marc Platt]] compared [[K9]]'s way of speaking the unspeakable, unconstrained by the human vices of politeness and consideration to {{iw|buffy|Anya Jenkins}}' similar way of speaking.


=== Connections with Doctor Who ===
===Connections with Doctor Who===
[[File:Buffy_dressed_as_Jenny.jpg|thumb|right|{{iw|buffy|Buffy Summers}} dressed as [[Jenny]] in ''{{iw|buffy|Twilight, Part One}}''.]]
[[File:Buffy_dressed_as_Jenny.jpg|thumb|right|{{iw|buffy|Buffy Summers}} dressed as [[Jenny]] in ''{{iw|buffy|Twilight, Part One}}''.]]
* Series regular [[Anthony Stewart Head]], who plays {{iw|buffy|Rupert Giles}}, has many connections to ''Doctor Who''. He guest starred in ''[[School Reunion (TV story)|School Reunion]]'' and ''[[The Infinite Quest (TV story)|The Infinite Quest]]'', as well as various [[Big Finish Productions]] audio dramas. He also narrated ''[[Doctor Who Confidential]]'' and ''[[Project Who]]'', and has often been reported as a potential candidate for the role of the Doctor.
* Series regular [[Anthony Stewart Head]], who plays {{iw|buffy|Rupert Giles}}, has many connections to ''Doctor Who''. He guest starred in ''[[School Reunion (TV story)|School Reunion]]'' and ''[[The Infinite Quest (TV story)|The Infinite Quest]]'', as well as various [[Big Finish Productions]] audio dramas. He also narrated ''[[Doctor Who Confidential]]'' and ''[[Project Who]]'', and has often been reported as a potential candidate for the role of the Doctor.
* Recurring star of the series [[Juliet Landau]], who plays the vampire {{iw|buffy|Drusilla}}, has also portrayed an incarnation of companion [[Romana III|Romana]] in several audio adventures.
* Recurring star of the series [[Juliet Landau]], who plays the vampire {{iw|buffy|Drusilla}}, has also portrayed an incarnation of companion [[Romana III|Romana]] in several audio adventures.
* Although the project has since been abandoned, ''Doctor Who'' producer [[Julie Gardner]] met with Whedon to discuss ''Ripper'', a potential [[BBC]] co-production spin-off of ''Buffy'' set in Britain with Giles as the central character.
*Although the project has since been abandoned, ''Doctor Who'' producer [[Julie Gardner]] met with Whedon to discuss ''Ripper'', a potential [[BBC]] co-production spin-off of ''Buffy'' set in Britain with Giles as the central character.
* The character Fillion, who appears in the comic ''[[Space Squid (comic story)|Space Squid]]'', is named after, and features a likeness to, actor {{iw|buffy|Nathan Fillion}}, who appeared in ''Buffy'' and other Whedon productions.
*The character Fillion, who appears in the comic ''[[Space Squid (comic story)|Space Squid]]'', is named after, and features a likeness to, actor {{iw|buffy|Nathan Fillion}}, who appeared in ''Buffy'' and other Whedon productions.
* The comic artist {{iw|buffy|Georges Jeanty}} once said that he was 99% sure the character of [[Jenny]] was a homage of Russel T Davies to ''Buffy''. He returned the favour by dressing Buffy like Jenny in the comic ''{{iw|buffy|Twilight, Part One}}''.<ref>[http://slayaliveforums.proboards.com/thread/10352?page=1 * COMPLETE* Q&A with Georges Jeanty Session 10]</ref>
* The comic artist {{iw|buffy|Georges Jeanty}} once said that he was 99% sure the character of [[Jenny]] was a homage of Russel T Davies to ''Buffy''. He returned the favour by dressing Buffy like Jenny in the comic ''{{iw|buffy|Twilight, Part One}}''.<ref>[http://slayaliveforums.proboards.com/thread/10352?page=1 * COMPLETE* Q&A with Georges Jeanty Session 10]</ref>
* The [[Doctor Who Magazine]] entitled their [[DWM 280|280th issue]] with the question: "What do [[Babylon 5]] and Buffy the Vampire Slayer have to offer the discerning Doctor Who fan?" In the magazine the ''Buffy the Vampire Slayer'' episodes ''{{iw|buffy|Becoming, Part One}}'' and ''{{iw|buffy|Becoming, Part Two}}'' were compared with the ''Doctor Who'' episode ''[[The Curse of Fenric (TV story)|The Curse of Fenric]]''.
*The [[Doctor Who Magazine]] entitled their [[DWM 280|280th issue]] with the question: "What do [[Babylon 5]] and Buffy the Vampire Slayer have to offer the discerning Doctor Who fan?" In the magazine the ''Buffy the Vampire Slayer'' episodes ''{{iw|buffy|Becoming, Part One}}'' and ''{{iw|buffy|Becoming, Part Two}}'' were compared with the ''Doctor Who'' episode ''[[The Curse of Fenric (TV story)|The Curse of Fenric]]''.
[[File:AndyLambertBuffyDoctoWhoArt.jpeg|thumb|The ''Doctor Who'' × ''Buffy the Vampire Slayer'' artwork.]]
[[File:AndyLambertBuffyDoctoWhoArt.jpeg|thumb|The ''Doctor Who'' × ''Buffy the Vampire Slayer'' artwork.]]
* The 2022 ''Buffy'' calendar accidentally used fanart, depicting the [[Eleventh Doctor]] and a [[Dæmon]] among the recognisable Buffyverse characters.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220106180432/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/buffy-calendar-doctor-who-b1987127.html?amp= Buffy fans left confused by appearance of Matt Smith’s Doctor Who character in 2022 calendar on the Independent via the Wayback Machine]</ref>
*The 2022 ''Buffy'' calendar accidentally used fanart, depicting the [[Eleventh Doctor]] and a [[Dæmon]] among the recognisable Buffyverse characters.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220106180432/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/buffy-calendar-doctor-who-b1987127.html?amp= Buffy fans left confused by appearance of Matt Smith’s Doctor Who character in 2022 calendar on the Independent via the Wayback Machine]</ref>


=== Connections with Torchwood ===
===Connections with Torchwood===
* [[James Marsters]], who played the vampire Spike in both ''Buffy the Vampire Slayer'' and its spinoff ''Angel'', played Captain [[John Hart]] in [[Series 2 (Torchwood)|Series 2]] of ''Torchwood''. The two characters also had similar personalities as well.
*[[James Marsters]], who played the vampire Spike in both ''Buffy the Vampire Slayer'' and its spinoff ''Angel'', played Captain [[John Hart]] in [[Series 2 (Torchwood)|Series 2]] of ''Torchwood''. The two characters also had similar personalities as well.
* As ''[[Series 4 (Torchwood)|Miracle Day]]'' was an American co-production, the two shows also share a number of cast and crew, including recurring guest star [[Robin Sachs]] who played {{iw|buffy|Ethan Rayne}}, writer/producer [[Jane Espenson]], and costume designer [[Shawna Trpcic]]. [[Eliza Dushku]], who played {{iw|buffy|Faith Lehane}} in ''Buffy'' and ''Angel'' also provided her voice for ''[[Web of Lies (webcast)|Web of Lies]]''.
*As ''[[Series 4 (Torchwood)|Miracle Day]]'' was an American co-production, the two shows also share a number of cast and crew, including recurring guest star [[Robin Sachs]] who played {{iw|buffy|Ethan Rayne}}, writer/producer [[Jane Espenson]], and costume designer [[Shawna Trpcic]]. [[Eliza Dushku]], who played {{iw|buffy|Faith Lehane}} in ''Buffy'' and ''Angel'' also provided her voice for ''[[Web of Lies (webcast)|Web of Lies]]''.
* On the [[Torchwood website]], one of the creatures described by [[Owen Harper]] as being in stasis in the Torchwood morgue is the "Invincible Vampire", which reconstitutes itself after it is "dusted". "Dusted" is terminology from ''Buffy'' for the slaying of a vampire, referring to the fact their bodies would turn to dust once killed.
*On the [[Torchwood website]], one of the creatures described by [[Owen Harper]] as being in stasis in the Torchwood morgue is the "Invincible Vampire", which reconstitutes itself after it is "dusted". "Dusted" is terminology from ''Buffy'' for the slaying of a vampire, referring to the fact their bodies would turn to dust once killed.
* The ''Angel'' episode ''{{iw|buffy|A Hole in the World}}'' features a pit that extends all the way through the Earth, between England and New Zealand. ''[[Series 4 (Torchwood)|Miracle Day]]'' has a similar feature called [[the Blessing]], which extends between Shanghai and Buenos Aires.
* The ''Angel'' episode ''{{iw|buffy|A Hole in the World}}'' features a pit that extends all the way through the Earth, between England and New Zealand. ''[[Series 4 (Torchwood)|Miracle Day]]'' has a similar feature called [[the Blessing]], which extends between Shanghai and Buenos Aires.
* The [[Series 2 (Torchwood)|Series 2]] of ''Torchwood'' episode, ''[[Adam (TV story)|Adam]]'' is very similar to the ''Buffy'' episode ''{{iw|buffy|Superstar}}'' in which 'new' characters appear in the episode as established parts of the team. The trick with putting clips of this new character into the intro is used here with [[Adam Smith]] appearing in the same way as the character of {{iw|buffy|Jonathan Levinson}} did in the episode. Both are also villains; however, Jonathan becomes a villain later in ''Buffy''.
*The [[Series 2 (Torchwood)|Series 2]] of ''Torchwood'' episode, ''[[Adam (TV story)|Adam]]'' is very similar to the ''Buffy'' episode ''{{iw|buffy|Superstar}}'' in which 'new' characters appear in the episode as established parts of the team. The trick with putting clips of this new character into the intro is used here with [[Adam Smith]] appearing in the same way as the character of {{iw|buffy|Jonathan Levinson}} did in the episode. Both are also villains; however, Jonathan becomes a villain later in ''Buffy''.


=== Connections with Class ===
===Connections with Class===
* In ''[[For Tonight We Might Die (TV story)|For Tonight We Might Die]]'', [[April MacLean]] compares the tear in [[space]]-[[time]] which had appeared within [[Coal Hill Academy]] to a [[Hellmouth]].
* In ''[[For Tonight We Might Die (TV story)|For Tonight We Might Die]]'', [[April MacLean]] compares the tear in [[space]]-[[time]] which had appeared within [[Coal Hill Academy]] to a [[Hellmouth]].


== Behind the scenes ==
==Behind the scenes==
* [[Azal]] the [[Dæmon]] and the [[Eleventh Doctor]] were mistakenly included on the [[2022]] calendar for the franchise, which was a fan art piece originally created by Andy Lambert.<ref>https://movieweb.com/buffy-the-vampire-slayer-meets-doctor-who-in-calendar-blunder/amp/</ref>
*[[Azal]] the [[Dæmon]] and the [[Eleventh Doctor]] were mistakenly included on the [[2022]] calendar for the franchise, which was a fan art piece originally created by Andy Lambert.<ref>https://movieweb.com/buffy-the-vampire-slayer-meets-doctor-who-in-calendar-blunder/amp/</ref>


== External links ==
==External links==
* The {{iw|buffy|Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel|Buffyverse wiki}}, focusing on ''Buffy the Vampire Slayer'', its spin-offs, and expanded media.
* The {{iw|buffy|Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel|Buffyverse wiki}}, focusing on ''Buffy the Vampire Slayer'', its spin-offs, and expanded media.


== Footnotes ==
==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


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