UNIT dating controversy

UNIT Era, a common term in fandom, also redirects here.

The UNIT dating controversy refers to an ongoing debate among Doctor Who fandom about the exact dates of the "UNIT era", meaning the period during which the Third Doctor found himself exiled on Earth. (In Real World terms, this begins with The Invasion, continues from Season 7 through to those UNIT stories of 13 which take place in Sarah Jane Smith's home time, namely, Terror of the Zygons, The Android Invasion and The Seeds of Doom.) One school of thought places the UNIT Era stories in "the present" (at time of broadcast), i.e. from approximately 1969 to 1974, another in "the near future", meaning approximately 1975 to 1980 or later.

Lack of conclusive evidence

No television story actually featuring UNIT gives a clear date. Several other stories did offer approximate dates but usually are contradicting one another, whilst a whole host of unused dialogue and scenes, internal production memos, books by the contemporary creative teams and other media have all combined to confuse the matter further. It is not even clear when the contemporary production team intended the stories to be set as different contributions on different occasions confuse one another.

None of the earlier stories had explicit dates attached to them. Although there is strong evidence that at least some of the production team intended for the UNIT stories to take place in the "near future", this policy was not consistently applied. Whether the stories take place contemporaneously with the broadcast dates, a few years in the future or even a few years into the past is therefore highly debatable.

Stories that have provoked particular controversy

The 1983 Doctor Who story Mawdryn Undead provoked much of the controversy. This story states explicitly that Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart retired in 1976, which would seem to contradict earlier stories.

It particular, it contradicts a few lines of dialogue in the 1975 story Pyramids of Mars where Sarah Jane Smith and the Fourth Doctor seem sure that Sarah Jane Smith comes from the year 1980.

Evidence in televised stories

Major evidence

1935 - The Second Doctor meets Professor Travers in Tibet. (DW: The Abominable Snowmen) However, this date is not given within the story.

Circa 1975 - The Second Doctor meets Professor Travers a second time. Professor Travers says he last met the Doctor forty years ago. (In this story, the Doctor also meets Lethbridge-Stewart for the first time.) (DW: The Web of Fear)

1977 - During the Queen's Silver Jubilee year, clearly shown on screen as 1977, the Brigadier tells the Fifth Doctor that he retired from UNIT a year earlier (1976). (DW: Mawdryn Undead)

circa 1979 - Lethbridge-Stewart guesses that four years have passed since he met the Doctor and fought the Yeti along with Travers. (DW: The Invasion)

1980 - Sarah Jane Smith, (who comes from the UNIT Era) directly states that she comes from the year 1980. It is possible she has spent some years traveling with the Doctor by now, though, or that she is giving an approximate date rather than a specific one. (DW: Pyramids of Mars)

In the 1989 story Battlefield the Brigadier has now retired completely and the Seventh Doctor tells his companion Ace (who is from the late 1980s) that they are "a few years in (her) future" and a few oddities confirm this.

The The Sarah Jane Adventures story Whatever Happened to Sarah Jane? shows Sarah Jane Smith and her friend Andrea Yates as teenagers attending school (not college) in 1964 when she was 13. That would imply that Sarah Jane met the Doctor in her early twenties (Elisabeth Sladen's real age at the time). Similarly, in Invasion of the Dinosaurs, Sarah explicitly states her age as being 23.

Minor references

The Third Doctor's companion Jo says that 1926 is "about forty years" earlier than her own time. This would place the Third Doctor UNIT stories in the 1960s if it means her present or in the 1980s if it means her birth date. (DW: Carnival of Monsters) Her use of the approximation "about forty years" suggests she was quickly rounding off and that the main body of UNIT stories may have taken place in the early or mid 1970s.

Sarah has been back on Earth for some years, with the Doctor having left a present for her in 1978. This would place the relevant UNIT stories in the mid-1970s at the very latest. (KAC: A Girl's Best Friend) The Doctor could have left Sarah Jane in a period prior to the time in which he picked her up from, he did leave her in Aberdeen instead of Croydon after all.

In the 1982 story DW: Time-Flight, which has a contemporary setting, the Fifth Doctor wonders if Brigadier Alistair Gordon Lethbridge-Stewart has become a General by now. This is implies that it is several years since his time in UNIT. In the Doctor's mind, the Brigadier's actions in protecting the Earth might have been so commendable that he was quickly promoted. However, the Doctor later discovers the Brigadier had already retired by this point (see below).

In the 1983 story DW: Mawdryn Undead it is established that Lethbridge-Stewart retired in 1976 (and was not promoted to a General) and worked at a British public school from 1977 until at least 1983. The story features two timezones; 1977, which features celebrations of the Silver Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II, and 1983, which is repeatedly confirmed as taking place "six years" later. A further year reference is made when the Brigadier states that Sgt. Benton left UNIT in 1979.

In the 2007 Sarah Jane Adventures story The Lost Boy, a page from Sarah Jane Smith's UNIT dossier is clearly readable on screen, upon which the following sentence appears: "[UNIT] quickly expanded, making our presence felt in a golden period that spanned the sixties, the seventies, and, some would say, the eighties." This text is taken from the UNIT website created by the BBC (see below).

Contradictory clues

In addition, there are many other contradictory details that confuse the picture.

Some stories feature calendars, but these can contradict one another. The Green Death features two such references, one which says the story is set in February in a leap year when 29 February falls on a Sunday (1972 is the only one in the 1960s-1990s), but another says April. It is possible that an old calendar might of been just left on the wall and ignored

Where politics are concerned, the stories offer a very different picture from the time when they were transmitted. The British Prime Minister is called "Jeremy" in 1973's The Green Death (intended to be Liberal leader Jeremy Thorpe who never attained that position) and is a woman in 1975's Terror of the Zygons (four years before Margaret Thatcher attained the position, although according to the BBC's website the prime minister referenced is one Shirley Williams, suggesting in the Whoniverse Thatcher wasn't the first female prime minister). In the much later Battlefield the monarch of the United Kingdom is a King. The United Nations is more interventionist than its 1970s real-life counterpart, whilst the Cold War at times is on the verge of turning into World War III in some of the earlier stories, but by Invasion of the Dinosaurs and Robot the Cold War is over. Mao Tse-Tung is alive at the time of 1971's The Mind of Evil and in real life he died in 1976, which would date the story before that.

Usually, the stories don't attempt to predict future fashions or technology, except when it is central to the plot. The result is that the stories look very strongly like the 1970s. In the 1970 serial The Ambassadors of Death, Sergeant Benton comments that the distress signal SOS was done away with "years ago."

The road fund licence (tax) disk on the Doctor's roadster, Bessie, in Robot, is dated to expire in April 1975. All registration year letters on the number plates of fairly new cars in the programmes made in the early-to-mid 1970s are contemporaneous.

On the occasions that money is mentioned, most amounts given correspond to those in use at the time, such as 1970's Doctor Who and the Silurians featuring pre-decimal currency whilst it costs 2 pence for a telephone call in 1976's The Seeds of Doom, even though in real life the United Kingdom adopted decimal currency in 1971 and was subject to significant inflation. In the later Battlefield, a vodka and coke, a glass of lemonade and a glass of water in a village pub costs 5 pounds (paid for with a £5 coin that, at the time of writing, is not in common circulation).

The technology displayed on occasion is significantly more advanced than reality. The United Kingdom has a fully functional space programme that is able to send missions to Mars and Jupiter. Of course, cyber-technology recovered after The Invasion, plus the five years of International Electromatics' retrofitting of alien technology to consumer electronic goods mentioned in that story, could well have accelerated progress beyond that of our contemporary Earth. Laser guns are in development in 1974's Robot and then used by UNIT in The Seeds of Doom. Many of the science establishments seen are engaged in extremely advanced research. Sarah Jane Smith and Jo Grant both seemed to believe that interstellar travel was close to being developed (Invasion of the Dinosaurs and Colony in Space respectively) but by the time of Aliens of London the British are then new to aliens and by The Christmas Invasion London and UNIT have sent off their first space probe to Mars. It's possible that this was the first Mars probe sent by the British Rocket Group

The BBC has a third channel, BBC3, in 1971's The Dæmons. In 1971, the BBC had only two channels (though had aspirations to launch a third channel in subsequent years). The actual BBC Three, a digital television channel, was only launched in 2003.

In The Sontaran Stratagem, the Doctor says he worked for UNIT in "the 1970s, or was it the 80s?", a reference to this controversy.

Off-screen evidence

Published books, contemporary interviews, publicity material and behind the scenes documents all point to a degree of uncertainty amongst the production team as well.

A document prepared during the making of The Invasion by director Douglas Camfield states that he assumed the story was set in 1976.

The Radio Times and an announcement at the start of the original transmission of the first episode of The Invasion state that the story takes place in 1975. Announcements and publicity material were normally produced by the series' production office, usually by the Script Editor.

In a pair of 1969 interviews then-producer Derrick Sherwin and newly cast Doctor Jon Pertwee told the press that the series (and thus the UNIT stories) would be set in a near future time when things such as space stations (which did not exist in reality yet at the time of the interview) would have become reality, with Pertwee confirming this would be in the 1980s.

A recorded but unused line in 1971's The Claws of Axos discusses comets due in the period 1969-1975, strongly pointing to an early 1970s setting for the story. By this time Sherwin had moved on as Producer.

The 1972 book The Making of Doctor Who, written by then-script editor Terrance Dicks and regular writer Malcolm Hulke, dates the 1970 story Spearhead from Space to 1970. However the second edition of 1976 (rewritten by Dicks alone, after he had stepped down as Script Editor) does not specify any date.

The 1974 Doctor Who and the Sea-Devils which Malcolm Hulke based on his own The Sea Devils, refers to North Sea oil starting to be exploited in 1978, indicating an early 1980s setting for the story.

The 1981 Writers' Guide for the proposed series of K-9 and Company stated that Sarah's travels with the Doctor (i.e. from The Time Warrior to The Hand of Fear) took place between 1973 and 1976.

The 1983 story Mawdryn Undead was originally written with a different former companion in mind and much has been made of how this generated the UNIT dating "mistake", though other early 1980s stories and the above mentioned guide support Mawdryn Undead's dating of the story.

The "official" in-universe UNIT website produced by the BBC for the 2005 series notes in its history section that UNIT was formed in 1968 in response to the "London Underground" incident (The Web of Fear), and in its news section that 25th January 2005 was the 35th anniversary of UNIT's involvement in "Project Waxwork" (the concluding episode of Spearhead from Space was broadcast on 24th January, 1970). These would date the stories as being contemporaneous with their original broadcast. With a joking nod to the fan controversy over dating of the original stories, the site also notes that "[UNIT] quickly expanded, making our presence felt in a golden period that spanned the sixties, the seventies, and, some would say, the eighties." This sentence became part of on-screen canon in 2007 when it was visible during a scene in The Lost Boy, an episode of The Sarah Jane Adventures.

Other Media

Stories in other media have also offered dates for the UNIT stories but have had little success in producing a clear answer:

The 1993 radio play The Paradise of Death by early 1970s producer Barry Letts is set at the time of the later Third Doctor stories and appears to have a 1990s setting, most notably references to Virtual Reality. (In the 1994 novelized version, however, Letts limits these references.)

The sequel, 1996's The Ghosts of N-Space, which is set again around the last Third Doctor stories, sees the sighting of a comet which appears every "157 years" and which was last seen in "1818", making the year 1975.

Novels in the Virgin New Adventures and the Virgin Missing Adventures line written in the 1990s took the editorial view that the television stories were set some time in or around the 1970s and left it down to individual authors to decide on dates. This resulted in a number of contradictions. Events in The Invasion have been variously dated to the late 1960s, mid 1970s and late 1970s. Ben Aaronovitch, author of Battlefield, in a chronology prepared in-house for New Adventures writers, states that the story is supposed to take place around 1997.

It is stated in the Eighth Doctor Adventure Revolution Man by Paul Leonard, when Sam Jones was released from prison in 1967, there was a document containing the Brigadier's initials and the UNIT call sign, although both the Eighth Doctor and Sam knew that the Brigadier was still Colonel and UNIT didn't yet exist.

The BBC Past Doctor Adventures novel The Face of the Enemy, by David A. McIntee, suggests that Mawdryn Undead may take place in a parallel universe where the Brigadier retired in 1976.

In the Big Finish Productions audio play UNIT: The Coup, the now-General Sir Alistair Lethbridge-Stewart states that UNIT has been fighting alien invasions for forty years, and that he "put down" a Silurian base thirty years before. Of course, these could be approximations, and there is no indication as to which year The Coup takes place.

The novelisation Doctor Who and the Carnival of Monsters by Terrance Dicks has the Doctor and Jo Grant visiting what they initially believe to be a vessel in the year 1926; Jo states that this was 50 years before her time. The first chapter establishes the story taking place immediately after the events of The Three Doctors, therefore putting that adventure has happening in 1976 (unless Jo was rounding her numbers).

Possible Explanations

The fluid nature of time depicted in the series has provided several possible ways of explaining the controversy. In the current series, the Doctor has often stated that parts of the timeline are fixed while others can be changed, and that he is aware of the differences. The existence of alternate universes may provide another answer. The Doctor stated that travel between universes used to be much easier before the Time War, and some UNIT stories may take place in alternate universes. The effects of the Time War itself may have caused changes to the UNIT timeline, as it apparently altered much of history. The Doctor's own actions throughout the timestream may also have caused changes in UNIT's history.

References

Parkin, Lance, Doctor Who: A History of the Universe - From Before The Dawn of Time and Beyond The End of Eternity (London, UK: Virgin Publishing, 1996), ISBN 0-426-20471-9
Miles, Lawrence & Wood, Tat, About Time: The Unauthorized Guide to Doctor Who - 1970-1974, Seasons 7 to 11 (New Orleans, LA: Mad Norwegian Press, 2004), ISBN 0-9725959-2-9