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UNIT dating controversy

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UNIT Era, a common term in fandom, also redirects here.

The UNIT dating controversy refers to an ongoing debate among Doctor Who fandom about the exact dates of the "UNIT era", meaning the period during which the Third Doctor found himself exiled on Earth. (In Real World terms, this begins with The Invasion, continues from Season 7 through to those UNIT stories of 13 which take place in Sarah Jane Smith's home time, namely, Terror of the Zygons, The Android Invasion and The Seeds of Doom.) One school of thought places the UNIT Era stories in "the present" (at time of broadcast), i.e. from approximately 1969 to 1974, another in "the near future", meaning approximately 1975 to 1980 or later.

Lack of conclusive evidence

No television story actually featuring UNIT gives a clear date. Several other stories did offer approximate dates but usually are contradicting one another, whilst a whole host of unused dialogue and scenes, internal production memos, books by the contemporary creative teams and other media have all combined to confuse the matter further. It is not even clear when the contemporary production team intended the stories to be set as different contributions on different occasions confuse one another.

None of the earlier stories had explicit dates attached to them. Although there is strong evidence that at least some of the production team intended for the UNIT stories to take place in the "near future", this policy was not consistently applied. Whether the stories take place contemporaneously with the broadcast dates, a few years in the future or even a few years into the past is therefore highly debatable.

Stories that have provoked particular controversy

The 1983 Doctor Who story Mawdryn Undead provoked much of the controversy. This story states explicitly that Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart retired in 1976, which would seem to contradict earlier stories.

In particular, it contradicts a few lines of dialogue in the 1975 story Pyramids of Mars where Sarah Jane Smith and the Fourth Doctor seem sure that Sarah Jane Smith comes from the year 1980.

Evidence in televised stories

Major evidence

  • Circa 1975 - The Second Doctor meets Professor Travers a second time. Professor Travers says he last met the Doctor, Jamie, and Victoria over forty years ago. (In this story, the Doctor also meets Lethbridge-Stewart for the first time.) (DW: The Web of Fear) Travers could also have simply been approximating the time span.
  • circa 1979 - Lethbridge-Stewart guesses that four years have passed since he met the Doctor and fought the Yeti along with Travers. (DW: The Invasion) This assumes we take the setting of The Web of Fear as definitely being 1975. It could be off by several years, depending on whether or not Travers was approximating, and by how much.
  • 1980 - Sarah Jane Smith, (who comes from the UNIT Era) directly states that she comes from the year 1980. It is possible she has spent some years traveling with the Doctor by now, though, or that she is giving an approximate date rather than a specific one. (DW: Pyramids of Mars)
  • In the 1989 story Battlefield the Brigadier has now retired completely and the Seventh Doctor tells his companion Ace (who is from the late 1980s) that they are "a few years in (her) future" and a few oddities confirm this.
  • The The Sarah Jane Adventures story Whatever Happened to Sarah Jane? shows Sarah Jane Smith and her friend Andrea Yates as teenagers attending school (not college) in 1964 when she was 13. That would imply that Sarah Jane met the Doctor in her early twenties (Elisabeth Sladen's real age at the time). Similarly, in Invasion of the Dinosaurs, Sarah explicitly states her age as being 23.
  • The "Third Doctor" series "The Claws of Axos" shows a videophone conversation between Mr Chinn (presumably a high level MOD Civil Servant) and the British Defense Minister. They are not members of "U.N.I.T" and are apparently using standard Government technology. This is a strong argument, though not conclusive proof, that this time-line is set at least a few years ahead of "1971"

Minor references

  • The Third Doctor's companion Jo says that 1926 is "about forty years" earlier than her own time. This would place the Third Doctor UNIT stories in the 1960s if it means her present or in the 1980s if it means her birth date. (DW: Carnival of Monsters) Her use of the approximation "about forty years" suggests she was quickly rounding off and that the main body of UNIT stories may have taken place in the early or mid 1970s.
  • Sarah has been back on Earth for some years, with the Doctor having left a present for her in 1978. This would place the relevant UNIT stories in the mid-1970s at the very latest. (KAC: A Girl's Best Friend) The Doctor could have left Sarah Jane in a period prior to the time in which he picked her up from, he did leave her in Aberdeen instead of Croydon after all.
  • In the 1982 story DW: Time-Flight, which has a contemporary setting, the Fifth Doctor wonders if Brigadier Alistair Gordon Lethbridge-Stewart has become a General by now. This is implies that it is several years since his time in UNIT. In the Doctor's mind, the Brigadier's actions in protecting the Earth might have been so commendable that he was quickly promoted. However, the Doctor later discovers the Brigadier had already retired by this point (see below).
  • In the 1983 story DW: Mawdryn Undead it is established that Lethbridge-Stewart retired in 1976 (and was not promoted to a General) and worked at a British public school from 1977 until at least 1983. The story features two timezones; 1977, which features celebrations of the Silver Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II, and 1983, which is repeatedly confirmed as taking place "six years" later. A further year reference is made when the Brigadier states that Sgt. Benton left UNIT in 1979.
  • In the 2007 Sarah Jane Adventures story The Lost Boy, a page from Sarah Jane Smith's UNIT dossier is clearly readable on screen, upon which the following sentence appears: "[UNIT] quickly expanded, making our presence felt in a golden period that spanned the sixties, the seventies, and, some would say, the eighties." This text is taken from the UNIT website created by the BBC (see below). Although an amusing in-joke, this doesn't really contribute one way or the other, as a "golden period" doesn't necessarily refer strictly to the controversial time period in question.

Contradictory clues

In addition, there are many other contradictory details that confuse the picture.

  • Some stories feature calendars, but these can contradict one another. The Green Death features two such references, one which says the story is set in February in a leap year when 29 February falls on a Sunday (1972 is the only one in the 1960s-1990s), but another says April. It is possible that an old calendar might of been just left on the wall and ignored, from a couple of months previous or even on years out of date.
  • Usually, the stories don't attempt to predict future fashions or technology, except when it is central to the plot. The result is that the stories look very strongly like the 1970s. A rare exception is The Invasion, where the fashions deliberately don't jibe with then-current fashions, suggesting a near-future setting for that particular story (the first true UNIT story).
  • The road fund licence (tax) disk on the Doctor's roadster, Bessie, in Robot, is dated to expire in April 1975. All registration year letters on the number plates of fairly new cars in the programmes made in the early-to-mid 1970s are contemporaneous.
  • On the occasions that money is mentioned, most amounts given correspond to those in use at the time, such as 1970's Doctor Who and the Silurians featuring pre-decimal currency whilst it costs 2 pence for a telephone call in 1976's The Seeds of Doom, even though in real life the United Kingdom adopted decimal currency in 1971 and was subject to significant inflation. In the later Battlefield, a vodka and coke, a glass of lemonade and a glass of water in a village pub costs 5 pounds (paid for with a £5 coin that, at the time of writing, is not in common circulation).
  • The technology displayed on occasion is significantly more advanced than reality. The United Kingdom has a fully functional space programme that is able to send missions to Mars and Jupiter. Of course, cyber-technology recovered after The Invasion, plus the five years of International Electromatics' retrofitting of alien technology to consumer electronic goods mentioned in that story, could well have accelerated progress beyond that of our contemporary Earth. Laser guns are in development in 1974's Robot and then used by UNIT in The Seeds of Doom. Many of the science establishments seen are engaged in extremely advanced research. Sarah Jane Smith and Jo Grant both seemed to believe that interstellar travel was close to being developed (Invasion of the Dinosaurs and Colony in Space respectively) but by the time of Aliens of London the British are then new to aliens and by The Christmas Invasion London and UNIT have sent off their first space probe to Mars. It's possible that this was the first Mars probe sent by the British Rocket Group
  • The BBC has a third channel, BBC3, in 1971's The Dæmons. In 1971, the BBC had only two channels (though had aspirations to launch a third channel in subsequent years). The actual BBC Three, a digital television channel, was only launched in 2003.
  • In The Sontaran Stratagem, the Doctor says he worked for UNIT in "the 1970s, or was it the 80s?", a reference to this controversy.
  • The Brigadier appears in SJA: Enemy of the Bane, an episode dated as occurring around the year 2009 (based upon its setting within the recent Whoniverse); however the Brigadier is considerably aged for someone who, based on other evidence, would have been active in UNIT only 20 years earlier.

Off-screen evidence

Published books, contemporary interviews, publicity material and behind the scenes documents all point to a degree of uncertainty amongst the production team as well.

  • The Radio Times and an announcement at the start of the original transmission of the first episode of The Invasion state that the story takes place in 1975. Announcements and publicity material were normally produced by the series' production office, usually by the Script Editor.
  • In a pair of 1969 interviews then-producer Derrick Sherwin and newly cast Doctor Jon Pertwee told the press that the series (and thus the UNIT stories) would be set in a near future time when things such as space stations (which did not exist in reality yet at the time of the interview) would have become reality, with Pertwee confirming this would be in the 1980s.
  • The 1983 story Mawdryn Undead was originally written with a different former companion in mind and much has been made of how this generated the UNIT dating "mistake", though other early 1980s stories and the above mentioned guide support Mawdryn Undead's dating of the story.
  • The "official" in-universe UNIT website produced by the BBC for the 2005 series notes in its history section that UNIT was formed in 1968 in response to the "London Underground" incident (The Web of Fear), and in its news section that 25th January 2005 was the 35th anniversary of UNIT's involvement in "Project Waxwork" (the concluding episode of Spearhead from Space was broadcast on 24th January, 1970). These would date the stories as being contemporaneous with their original broadcast. With a joking nod to the fan controversy over dating of the original stories, the site also notes that "[UNIT] quickly expanded, making our presence felt in a golden period that spanned the sixties, the seventies, and, some would say, the eighties." This sentence became part of on-screen canon in 2007 when it was visible during a scene in The Lost Boy, an episode of The Sarah Jane Adventures.
  • According to onscreen production notes for the DVD release of The Time Warrior, a line was struck from the script during Linx's interrogation of Sarah in which she would have explicitly stated her year of origin as 1974.

Other Media

Stories in other media have also offered dates for the UNIT stories but have had little success in producing a clear answer:

  • The sequel, 1996's The Ghosts of N-Space, which is set again around the last Third Doctor stories, sees the sighting of a comet which appears every "157 years" and which was last seen in "1818", making the year 1975.
  • Who Killed Kennedy ties several televised stories to real-life 60s and 70s political events, like the electoral defeat of the Wilson government. In doing so, it has stories taking place a few months before they aired.
  • In the Big Finish Productions audio play UNIT: The Coup, the now-General Sir Alistair Lethbridge-Stewart states that UNIT has been fighting alien invasions for forty years, and that he "put down" a Silurian base thirty years before. Of course, these could be approximations, and there is no indication as to which year The Coup takes place.

Possible Explanations

The fluid nature of time depicted in the series has provided several possible ways of explaining the controversy. In the current series, the Doctor has often stated that parts of the timeline are fixed while others can be changed, and that he is aware of the differences. The existence of alternate universes may provide another answer. The Doctor stated that travel between universes used to be much easier before the Time War, and some UNIT stories may take place in alternate universes. The effects of the Time War itself may have caused changes to the UNIT timeline, as it apparently altered much of history. The Doctor's own actions throughout the timestream may also have caused changes in UNIT's history.

References

See also

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