Armour
Armour was worn by many species for protection.
By humans
Ashildr recalled penetrating armour during the Battle of Agincourt. (TV: The Woman Who Lived)
By Daleks
As the Ninth Doctor explained, Dalek mutants resided within their casings, which served as battle armour. (TV: Dalek) According to the Seventh Doctor, this armour was composed of bonded-polycarbide. (TV: Remembrance of the Daleks) As the Third Doctor noted, the Daleks' armour acted as a shield. (TV: Planet of the Daleks)
Missy used a dark star alloy brooch to penetrate a Dalek casing, noting that it went through armour plating like "a knife through people". (TV: The Witch's Familiar)
By Cybermen
As Yvonne Hartman observed, the Cybermen of Pete's World converted humans by removing their brains and placing them in a suit of armour, (TV: Doomsday) which was known as a cyber-suit. (AUDIO: Real Time, TV: The Age of Steel) Mercy Hartigan referred to these Cybermen as her "knights in shining armour, quite literally." (TV: The Next Doctor)
Aboard a Mondasian colony ship, the Mondasian colonists initially lacked guns that could shoot through the armour of the advanced Cybermen. However, Nardole was able to modify the Mondasian's rifles to provide a defence. (TV: The Doctor Falls)
By Ice Warriors
As explained by the Eleventh and Twelfth Doctors, the Ice Warriors constructed and wore bio-mechanical survival armour for protection so they could exist in the freezing cold of their homeworld, Mars. The former characterised them as becoming bio-mechanoid cyborgs, while the latter observed "the creature within is at one with its carapace." (TV: Cold War, Empress of Mars)
As noted by the Eleventh Doctor, a sudden increase in temperature, such as being struck by a cattle prod, sent the armour haywire. (TV: Cold War)
By Sontarans
Sontarans wore a distinctive armour which Jingo Linx identified as Sontaran space armour. (TV: The Time Warrior, The Two Doctors)
By Homo reptillia
The Sea Devils of Elite Group One including Sauvix wore samurai-themed armour. (TV: Warriors of the Deep) More Sea Devils wore armour. (TV: Legend of the Sea Devils; AUDIO: The Seas of Titan)
Silurian Hunters wore armour. (TV: The Hungry Earth|Cold Blood, The Pandorica Opens, A Good Man Goes to War; GAME: The Eternity Clock; COMIC: Supremacy of the Cybermen)
By Time Lords
Time Lord soldiers wore crimson armour over maroon uniforms. (TV: The Last Day, The Day of the Doctor, Hell Bent; COMIC: Ambush, Supremacy of the Cybermen, The Clockwise War)