An Unearthly Child (TV story): Difference between revisions
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=== [[:Category:Devices|Devices]] === | === [[:Category:Devices|Devices]] === | ||
* Ian uses a [[torch]] while in the [[junkyard]]. When he drops it, Barbara suggests he uses a match. | * Ian uses a [[torch]] while in the [[junkyard]]. When he drops it, Barbara suggests he uses a [[match]]. | ||
* Za uses an wields an axe. | * Za uses an wields an [[axe]]. | ||
* Ian, Susan and Barbara manage to make a stretcher. | * Ian, Susan and Barbara manage to make a [[stretcher]]. | ||
* The tribesmen uses | * The tribesmen uses [[spear]]s. | ||
=== [[:Category:Technology|Technology]] === | === [[:Category:Technology|Technology]] === | ||
Revision as of 04:02, 15 April 2012
- You may be looking for the year 100,000 BC.
The first televised Doctor Who serial was produced under the title 100,000 BC, but later marketed under its more popular name, An Unearthly Child. It introduced viewers to the Doctor, played by William Hartnell, and the the Doctor's TARDIS.
As the first story, it laid the groundwork for the cliché Who story of capture and escape; in this case, the Doctor and company are captured by primitive humans. An Unearthly Child was the only televised story, in which the Doctor smoked.
By 1963 standards, An Unearthly Child (and hence, Doctor Who) was launched with an accompanying blitz of publicity. A trailer ran a week before broadcast and Hartnell narrated a radio advert. Radio Times ran a large feature on the show, and it was originally intended to be the cover story but Kenneth Horne's return to radio was considered more important.
Rex Tucker was originally listed as the director, but filming schedules interfered with a holiday he had planned to Majorca. The role of director went to the inexperienced Waris Hussein.
Synopsis
Schoolteachers Barbara Wright and Ian Chesterton are intrigued by one of their pupils, Susan Foreman, and visit her home address - a junkyard at 76 Totter's Lane - where they meet her grandfather, the Doctor. The Doctor and Susan are aliens who travel through time and space in their ship, the TARDIS, which looks like an ordinary police box but actually houses a huge, gleaming control room. The TARDIS takes them all to a Palaeolithic landscape where they encounter a tribe that has lost the secret of fire...
Plot
An Unearthly Child (1)
On a foggy London night, a Policeman makes his rounds, passing I.M. Foreman's junkyard at 76 Totter's Lane. In the junkyard stands an incongruous-looking police box emitting an eerie hum.
Another day of classes ends at the Coal Hill School. History teacher Barbara Wright, and science teacher Ian Chesterton compare notes about an enigmatic student, Susan Foreman. Her knowledge of history and science surpasses the rest of the class, and possibly the teachers. However, she has very curious gaps about present-day culture - she forgets, for example, that England has yet to adopt a decimal currency. Barbara has encouraged her to specialise in history, but Susan is resistant to her suggestion about in-home tutoring, saying her grandfather, with whom she lives, ("he's a doctor, isn't he?" Ian asks) doesn't like strangers. Barbara tells Ian she got Susan's address, 76 Totter's Lane, from the school secretary. She found not a house, but a junkyard. They go and find Susan so Barbara can lend her a book on the French Revolution. Ian offers Susan a ride, but she declines. Ian and Barbara resolve to follow her home. Meanwhile, Susan reads the book, and remarks, "That's not right!"
Arriving by car at 76 Totter's Lane, Ian and Barbara see Susan enter the junkyard alone. Following from a distance, Ian and Barbara search for Susan in vain. Ian is transfixed by the presence of a police box which hums. Touching it, he exclaims that it's alive. They hear someone coming and hide. An old man approaches the police box and unlocks it. The teachers seem to hear Susan's voice from inside, greeting him. They confront the old man, who brusquely shuts the door and refuses to acknowledge that anyone is inside. When they threaten to go to the police, the old man calmly dismisses their claims. The door opens from the inside. Hearing Susan's voice again, Ian and Barbara push past the man into the police box. They are astounded to find themselves in a much larger space, with futuristic electronic panels and a central hexagonal control console. Susan is shocked to find her teachers there. The old man, her grandfather, is furious at their intrusion.
Susan and her grandfather, who calls himself simply the Doctor, explain that the police box is actually a disguise for their space-time ship, the TARDIS. They are alien refugees from their own planet and time. Despite Susan's protests, the Doctor prepares the TARDIS for takeoff, saying he must kidnap Ian and Barbara to protect their identities. The sudden takeoff renders the two schoolteachers unconscious. The TARDIS arrives on a Palaeolithic landscape, over which falls the shadow of a man.
The Cave of Skulls (2)
The shadow is that of a man dressed in animal skins. He watches over the TARDIS ominously.
A tribe of cavemen are gathered around one of their members, Za. Za is the son of the tribe's previous leader, but he never taught his son the secret of making fire. As Za (futilely) tries to make fire, a female tribe elder throws scorn on Za's ability as a leader and states that Kal, a stranger from another tribe, would be a far better leader. This frustrates Za. Hur, a young cavewoman, tries to pacify him but also warns him that if he loses his position as the leader of the tribe he will lose her; her father is intent on her bearing children with the leader.
Back at the TARDIS, Ian and Barbara regain consciousness to find the Doctor and Susan puzzling over some readings that are being displayed on the TARDIS's main console. The Doctor explains to them that they have gone back in time. This annoys Ian who demands concrete proof from the Doctor. The Doctor opens the door to the TARDIS revealing the barren desert. The foursome go outside where the Doctor professes confusion as to why the TARDIS has retained the shape of a police box. Ian apologises to Susan and Barbara for his stubbornness with regards to disbelieving the Doctor's story. Susan is also surprised that the TARDIS is still in the shape of a police box, explaining that it has been an ionic column and a sedan chair in the past. The Doctor is elsewhere, checking the environment for radioactivity, when the caveman that was watching the TARDIS sneaks up on him and attacks him. His three companions hear him shout and run to his rescue. When they get there, all they find is the Doctor's bag, hat and geiger counter smashed on the floor. Susan runs off to look for him in hysterics. Ian and Barbara soon follow but not before Ian realises that the sand is freezing cold.
Horg, Hur's father, tells Za that Kal states that he knew how to make fire in his previous tribe. Za angrily responds that Kal's last tribe all died out, and he would have died too if he and his tribe had not saved him. Hur again warns him that Kal is bringing in meat and is winning favour amongst the tribe. Za warns that if he has to kill a few people to exert his authority he will do so. At this point, Kal, the caveman who attacked the Doctor, comes in with the old man's unconscious body on his shoulder. Kal tells the tribe that he saw the Doctor make fire and that he should be leader of the tribe now he overpowered him, stating that the Doctor had immense strength and fighting prowess. Za scorns and mocks Kal; however, Horg states that Kal is doing far more for the tribe than Za is and if his capture can create fire Kal should be made leader. Za says that the Doctor should be taken to the Cave of Skulls and sacrificed so that Orb will return. At this point the Doctor wakes up stating that he can create fire for the whole tribe, without any need for killing, but he soon realises he has no matches with him. When he tells the tribe he will need to go back to the TARDIS before they get fire, Za mocks Kal saying that his promise of "an old man who can make fire" was lies. The tribe begins to turn against Kal, and in his frustration, Kal pulls his knife on the Doctor. Kal is on the verge of killing him when Susan, Barbara, and Ian attack the cavemen, knocking Kal off of the Doctor. The companions are soon overpowered. Kal approaches Barbara and just before he kills her, Za gets in the way and says that the foursome need to be taken to the Cave of Skulls and sacrificed as a gift to Orb. The Doctor and his companions are led away. Horg tries to take Hur from Za, but Za states that with the Doctor's sacrifice the orb will return and fire will return also which will retain Za as leader. Horg seems to accept this.
The four travellers are sealed in the tribe's Cave of Skulls with the bones of many previous prisoners, and the Doctor notices that the skulls have all been split open.
The Forest of Fear (3)
Still in the Cave of Skulls, Ian, Barbara, and Susan, try to find a way of escaping; however the Doctor seems disconsolate and unhelpful. Ian shouts at him, prompting the Doctor to help: he suggests that they use the bones of the dead to cut the ropes that bind their hands and legs together. The group begins to unify.
Back at the main cave, the tribe are all are asleep. The female elder wakes up. She steals Za's knife and heads towards the Cave of Skulls. Unbeknownst to the Old Woman, Hur has seen her. When she arrives at the Cave of Skulls, she is met by a large stone that blocks the door. However, she seems to know an alternate route.
Inside the Cave of Skulls, the Doctor and the others are trying to free Ian so that he can defend them if necessary. Susan screams as the elder bursts though a gap in the cave blocked up with undergrowth.
Hur wakes Za and calls him outside of the cave to inform him that the elder took his knife and headed out of the cave. They decide she went to the Cave of Skulls. Hur believes the elder is afraid of fire, so she will kill the foursome to prevent the tribe from learning the secret.
However, the elder is using the knife to free the foursome, whilst outside Za and Hur are trying to move the stone. Just as the stone begins to move, the foursome manage to escape out the back of the cave. Za, frustrated, throws the elder to the floor. Hur convinces Za that the only way that he will be able to retain the leadership of the tribe is by capturing the Doctor and harnessing the fire. Za and Hur plunge into the forest in pursuit of the Doctor.
The foursome are lost in the forest trying to find their way back to the TARDIS. Yet again, Ian and the Doctor fall out as Ian takes leadership of the group. Whilst they are arguing, Barbara trips and falls. She lands on a dead boar, causing her to scream. This alerts Za and Hur. The movement of the undergrowth in the forest causes the Doctor and his companions to hide.
When Za and Hur catch up with them Za is attacked by a wild beast and seriously injured. Much against the Doctor's wishes, Barbara and Ian try to help Za. The Doctor tries to stop Susan from going, insinuating that he would leave Ian and Barbara behind. Ian and Barbara begin to help Za, much to the bemusement of Hur who does not understand the concept of friendship. Hur is openly hostile to Susan, thinking she is trying to steal Za from her. The Doctor is so desperate to leave that he seemingly contemplates killing the caveman, but is stopped by Ian. The Doctor then reminds his companions that the tribe elder is still with the cavemen. He worries she may wake the tribe and set off in pursuit of the travellers. This prompts Ian to build a makeshift stretcher to help convey Za back to the TARDIS to heal him there.
Meanwhile, back at the settlement, Kal has returned to the cave to find it empty. He questions the prostrate figure of the elder who says that she set the Doctor and his companions free. Kal kills her. He then goes back to the tribe to inform them that it was Za that let the Doctor free so that he could have fire to himself. The tribe are sceptical and Kal says the elder will back him up. When Kal goes back to the cave to 'discover' the dead elder, he states that it must have been Za that killed her. Kal declares himself leader and leads his new tribe off to find Za.
Much to their pleasure, the Doctor and his companions discover the TARDIS. But their escape attempt is foiled when they find the tribesmen lying in wait for them outside.
The Firemaker (4)
The four travellers are returned to the encampment. Initially, the tribe is hostile to Za and his friends, especially when they accuse him of killing the tribal elder, but the Doctor is able to convince the tribe that Kal killed Old Mother by tricking Kal into showing the tribe his bloody knife. The Doctor and Ian lead the tribe in an attack which drives Kal into the forest. The recovered Za is once more declared leader, but instead of expressing his gratitude by freeing the travellers as the Doctor expected, he orders them returned to the Cave of Skulls wherein he will either uncover the secret of fire from them or sacrifice them to Orb.
Whilst in the Cave of Skulls, Ian makes fire for Za using friction for a spark, hoping that this gift will convince the cave dwellers to set them all free. Za comes to speak with them and is immediately entranced by the fire. Ian states that in his "tribe" all members know how to make fire. Za asks Ian if he is the leader of his tribe, to which he responds (with a nod to Susan) that the Doctor is the leader.
Meanwhile, Kal sneaks back into the camp, killing the guard outside the cave, and attacks Za. Za fights with and kills Kal, further confirming his leadership of the tribe. With fire at his disposal, he is now undisputed leader. However he still leaves the Doctor and his companions to languish in the cave.
After going out hunting, Za decrees that the travellers will merge with his tribe rather than leave and orders them confined to the Cave indefinitely. The foursome try to think of a means of escape; absentmindedly Susan places a skull in a flame. This leads Ian into devising a plan to scare and distract the tribes’ people enough to allow them to flee. Four skulls are placed on top of burning torches, and this ghoulish vision is enough to distract the cave dwellers, allowing the travellers to escape back into the forest. This time, the four travellers make it back inside the TARDIS; the Doctor only just making it in before the tribesmen catch up with them. The TARDIS begins to dematerialise as they throw spears at the craft.
The Doctor explains that he has no idea where or when they will end up next due to the fact that the TARDIS is not displaying any data to help him direct the ship. In time, the scanner shows their new destination, a mysterious jungle with strange-looking trees. Before they go out to explore the planet the Doctor asks Susan to check the radiation levels: they read normal. As the four leave the console room to clean themselves up, the radiation detector's needle passes into the "Danger" zone.
Cast
- Dr. Who - William Hartnell
- Ian Chesterton - William Russell
- Barbara Wright - Jacqueline Hill
- Susan Foreman - Carole Ann Ford
- Za - Derek Newark
- Hur - Alethea Charlton
- Old Mother - Eileen Way
- Kal - Jeremy Young
- Horg - Howard Lang
Crew
- Writer - Anthony Coburn
- Director - Waris Hussein
- Producer - Verity Lambert
- Script Editor - David Whitaker
- Designers - Barry Newbery, Peter Brachacki
- Assistant Floor Manager - Catherine Childs
- Associate Producer - Mervyn Pinfield
- Costumes - Maureen Heneghan
- Fight Arranger - Derek Ware
- Film Cameraman - Robert Sleigh
- Incidental Music - Norman Kay
- Make-Up - Elizabeth Blattner
- Production Assistants - Douglas Camfield, Tony Lightley
- Special Effects - BBC Visual Effects
- Special Sounds - Brian Hodgson
- Studio Lighting - Geoff Shaw
- Studio Sound - Jack Clayton
- Theme Arrangement - Delia Derbyshire
- Title Music - Ron Grainer
References
Astronomical objects
- The cavemen worship the Sun God, which they call Orb.
- Both Space and Time are mentioned by Susan as being related (with regard to dimensions).
Culture
- Za attempts to create fire. He references his father, who made fire, but was killed for it. Later, the Doctor, Ian, Barbara and Susan are forced to give the cavemen fire in a struggle to be leader of the tribe.
Cultural references
- Susan refers to decimalisation and then realises has not happened yet in England. In 1963, the United Kingdom had a system of two hundred forty pence to a pound. Decimalisation actually took place on 15 February 1971. The implication is that they have visited the UK after 1971.
- Reference is made to the Doctor and Susan having visited the French Revolution (1789 - 1799) when Susan says something she reads in the book Miss Wright lends her on the subject is wrong.
- Susan is listening to John Smith and the Common Men when Ian and Barbara walk in.
Devices
- Ian uses a torch while in the junkyard. When he drops it, Barbara suggests he uses a match.
- Za uses an wields an axe.
- Ian, Susan and Barbara manage to make a stretcher.
- The tribesmen uses spears.
Technology
- The Doctor refers to television to help describe how the TARDIS is bigger on the inside.
- The TARDIS took on the disguise of a London police box during the Doctor and Susan's stay at 76 Totter's Lane. However, it didn't change appearance when it reappeared in the past, due to a problem with the chameleon circuit.
The Doctor
- The Doctor smokes a pipe.
- The Doctor carries a notebook with him.
- The Doctor states that he and Susan are "wanderers in the fourth dimension".
Science
Story notes
- This is the first Doctor Who story broadcast on television.
- The very first words in Doctor Who were spoken by Barbara Wright: "Wait in here please, Susan. I won't be long."
- This story is also known as 100,000 BC, The Tribe of Gum, The Firemakers and Cavemen. See disputed story titles for more information.
- The episodes of this story went by different titles during the production stage. Episode 2 was originally known as "The Fire-Maker", Episode 3 was originally known as "The Cave of Skulls" and Episode 4 was originally known as "The Dawn of Knowledge".
- All episodes exist as 16mm telerecordings and are held in the BBC's Film and Videotape Library.
- The original storyline was entitled Nothing at the End of the Lane. A short story by the same name written by Daniel O'Mahony can be found in Short Trips and Side Steps. It suggests the entire first season of the show may just be a psychotic fantasy in the mind of Barbara Wright.
- The names for the Doctor's companions were originally to be Bridget ("Biddy") instead of Susan, Lola McGovern (instead of Barbara Wright), and Cliff instead of Ian.
- The makers of the show originally considered the idea of having a functioning chameleon circuit but ruled it out on cost grounds.
- The bones used in the Cave of Skulls were real bones taken from an abattoir and were very unpleasant to smell under hot studio lights.
- Other proposals considered for the first story included The Giants by C. E. Webber. It was partially rewritten for the Season 2 episode Planet of Giants and The Living World written by Alan Wakeman.
- A pilot version of episode 1 was made and exists in various versions. For more info, see the Pilot Episode.
- Episode 1 has come to be seen as a classic of science fiction, in contrast to the less-positive reaction of critics when it was first broadcast.
- Bernard Lodge was the uncredited designer of the original title sequence.
- The Doctor smokes a pipe in episode 2, but is never seen to do so again after he loses both this and his matches on Stone Age Earth. It can only be assumed that the Doctor was put off smoking for life after being attacked and knocked unconscious by Kal.
- According to the DVD info text, the striped top Susan wears in this and later stories belonged to Carole Ann Ford and was part of an alternate costume she suggested for the character after it was decided to abandon the more adult, futuristic look of the unaired pilot. According to the commentary, Ford's suggested outfit also included black leggings and boots, which were rejected as too sexy, so jeans were worn instead. Ford would wear the same striped top in her later movie The Great St. Trinian's Train Robbery.
- This story was one of those selected to be shown as part of BSB's Doctor Who Weekend in September 1990.
- A lizard was accidentally brought on set along with the tropical plants for the forest. Carole Ann Ford took it as a pet.
- The piece of music that is purported to be John Smith and the Common Men is called "3 Guitars Mood 2," by The Arthur Nelson Group, which is featured on a CD called DOCTOR WHO: SPACE ADVENTURES. This piece of music was also used in the documentary "Verity Lambert: Drama Queen", a tribute to the late Verity Lambert which was first broadcast on 5 April 2008 on BBC4.
- Susan claims that she made up the term TARDIS from the initials of Time and Relative Dimension in Space. It is later revealed that Gallifreyan society is several million years old. One explanation for this apparent inconsistency is proposed in NA: Lungbarrow. Other speculative explanations also exist.
- When the TARDIS dematerialises for the first time, both Ian and Barbara faint. This effect is unique to this story as Ian and Barbara show no further ill effects in subsequent dematerialisations (at least not of this nature and not caused directly by the TARDIS activating), nor do any future new TARDIS passengers. It's possible the rather chaotic way the TARDIS entered flight somehow messed with the humans' equilibrium, as opposed to later, more-orderly dematerialisations.
- The first broadcast of Episode 1 had only 4.4 million viewers. This was likely due to a power outage in some parts of Britain that prevented more viewers from tuning in.
- For this reason, on Wednesday 27 November, the Programme Review board decided to repeat the first episode immediately before the second episode. This repeat gained a significant number of viewers – 6.0 million. Although such replays are common today (particularly on American networks), such a rerun was almost unheard of in 1963.
- An Unearthly Child was the first Doctor Who story to be broadcast internationally, appearing on New Zealand's Christchurch regional channel CHTV-3 on 18 September 1964.
- Ninth Doctor director Joe Ahearne was born on the day that episode 1 was first broadcast.
Ratings
- An Unearthly Child - 4.4 million viewers
- The Cave of Skulls - 5.9 million viewers
- The Forest of Fear - 6.9 million viewers
- The Firemaker - 6.4 million viewers
Myths
- Episode 1 was broadcast ten minutes late due to an extended news report into the assassination of President Kennedy the previous day. (It was transmitted only one minute, twenty seconds later than the scheduled 5.15 p.m., due to the previous show, Grandstand, over running)[1]
- C. E. Webber co-wrote the story with Anthony Coburn. (Webber had actually been working on a proposed episode known as The Giants, which was originally intended to be the first story but was rejected.)[2]
- This story was broadcast live. (No episode was ever broadcast live. This rumour likely originated due to the fact episodes of the day were often videotaped in one continuous take with only occasional recording breaks.)[2]
- Jackie Lane was offered the role of Susan. (Although Lane auditioned for the part, she withdrew herself from consideration when she discovered a one-year contract was involved; she was never actually offered the job.)[2]
- Waris Hussein spotted Carole Ann Ford in BBC play called The Man on a Bicycle when he was looking for someone for the role of Susan.[2] (This play was actually broadcast months before Hussein became involved with Doctor Who. However, according to a documentary included in the DVD box set "The Beginning", Hussein spotted her in an episode of Z-Cars.)
- Jacqueline Hill worked as a model in Paris. (She didn't.)[2]
- The original police box was a prop left over from Dixon of Dock Green. (It was specially made for Doctor Who.)[2]
- Pop singer Billie Davis appears as one of the females. (This has been mentioned on a number of websites, including the Internet Movie Database, but according to the DVD production notes, the Billie Davis in this story is a male actor; the singer Davis at the time the episode was produced was still recovering from a serious automobile crash and was unlikely to have been in any shape to take on a acting role.)
Filming locations
Production errors
- When Ian and Barbara are talking in the car in the first episode, Jacqueline Hill noticeably flubs a line. It happens again in the Cave of Skulls near the end of the final episode.
- When Ian and Barbara enter the TARDIS and talk with the Doctor and Susan, a boom microphone can be seen for a few seconds at one point.
- Before Ian gets zapped by the console, somebody in the studio calls out a cue.
- At the end of the first episode, the caveman's shadow extends too far across the landscape.
- The studio can be seen several times during the TARDIS console room scene in episode 1.
- At one point, a stagehand can be seen through a gap of around 10 to 20 centimetres in one of the corners of the TARDIS.
- The great stone is evidently made of sculpted polystyrene. The stone can be seen to wobble after being touched and at one point squeaks as Za attempts to move it.
- William Hartnell and William Russell interrupt each other whilst examining the TARDIS.
- Ian says that the Doctor closed the door, when in fact it was Susan who did this.
- When the Doctor explains that he and Susan are "wanderers in the fourth dimension", it is obvious that wall behind them is fake, as it is creased and has piled up at the bottom. This can be seen multiple times.
Continuity
- In Remembrance of the Daleks, it is revealed in Remembrance of the Daleks that the Doctor had just placed the Hand of Omega in a local undertaker's in London ahead of burying it when the teachers discovered his presence.
- The events of this story can be seen to follow on from those in TN: Time and Relative.
- DWM: Operation Proteus takes place a short time prior to this story.
Timeline
- This story occurs after DWM: Time & Time Again.
- EDA: The Eight Doctors and BE: Playtime occur during this story.
- This story occurs before DW: The Daleks.
Home video and audio releases
DVD releases
This story was released as Doctor Who: An Unearthly Child as part of the DVD box set The Beginning, together with The Daleks and The Edge of Destruction.
Released:
- Region 2 30 January 2006
- PAL - BBC DVD BBCDVD1882
- PAL - Roadshow ????
- NTSC - Warner Video E2489
Region 4 Australian cover
Region 1 US cover
Box sets
This story was released along with The Daleks and The Edge of Destruction in a box set called The Beginning.
Region 2 UK DVD box set cover
Region 4 Australian DVD box set cover
Region 1 US DVD box set cover
Video releases
This story was released on video as Doctor Who: An Unearthly Child.
Released:
-
- NTSC - CBS/FOX Video 3401
- US ????
- NTSC - Warner Video E1906
Notes: The 'Next Episode' caption has been removed from Episode 4.
- Second Release: An unedited, remastered edition that the BBC originally intended to release in a box set with The Daleks and The Edge of Destruction. They changed their plans and decided to release each story individually.
Released:
Notes: A version of the Pilot has been released on The Hartnell Years video. The complete take has been released on The Edge of Destruction video.
- Editing for VHS and DVD releases completed by Doctor Who Restoration Team.
Original 1990 VHS UK cover
Remastered 2000 VHS UK cover
Script book
In January 1988, Titan Books published the original teleplays for the serial in one volume as part of Doctor Who: The Scripts, using the serial's working title The Tribe of Gum.
External links
- An Unearthly Child at the BBC's official site
- An Unearthly Child at the Doctor Who Reference Guide
- An Unearthly Child at Shannon Sullivan's A Brief History of Time (Travel)
- An Unearthly Child entry at Encyclopaedia of Fantastic Film and Television
Footnotes
- ↑ Howe, David J., Stammers, Mark, Walker, Stephen James, 1992, Doctor Who: The Sixties, Doctor Who Books, an imprint of Virgin Publishing Ltd, London, pg.12
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Howe, David J., Walker, Stephan James, The Television Companion, BBC Worldwide Ltd, 1998. pg.9
