Class (TV series): Difference between revisions

From Tardis Wiki, the free Doctor Who reference
Tag: sourceedit
m (Bot: Cosmetic changes)
 
(89 intermediate revisions by 34 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{title dab away}}
{{title dab away}}
{{rename|Class (series), as this article has since expanded to cover ''Class'' across other media beyond the TV series}}
{{real world}}
{{real world}}
{{Infobox Merchandise
{{Infobox Merchandise
|image        = Class logo.jpg
|image        = Class logo.jpg
|aka          =  
|aka          =  
|designer    =
|publisher    = BBC Three
|publisher    = BBC Three
|type        = TV series
|publisher2  = Captive Escape Rooms & Space
|price        =
|publisher3  = BBC Books
|release date = [[22 October (releases)|22 October]] [[2016 (releases)|2016]]
|publisher4  = Big Finish Productions
|trailer      =Patrick Ness Introduces Class  
|type        = TV series, escape room, prose, and audio.
}}
|release date = [[22 October (releases)|22 October]] - [[3 December (releases)|3 December]] [[2016 (releases)|2016]] (TV show predated by escape room; [[15 October (releases)|15 October]] - [[23 October (releases)|23 October]] [[2016 (releases)|2016]]
{{Big toc}}
|trailer      = Class Trailer (Official)
'''''Class''''' is an eight-episode spin-off series of ''[[Doctor Who]]'', co-produced by [[BBC Wales]] and [[BBC America]]<ref name="BBCA" >https://twitter.com/bbcamerica/status/760575939642294272</ref> for digital television station [[BBC Three]] and BBC America<ref name="BBCA" />. This new programme, and its [[Series 1 (Class)|first series]], was announced on [[1 October (production)|1 October]] [[2015 (production)|2015]]. Unlike the parent show and more in line with ''[[Torchwood (TV series)|Torchwood]]'' before it (which also debuted on BBC3), ''Class'' is aimed specifically at a young adult audience and contains  sexual content, violence and language above the level allowed on the parent series. ''Class'' is the first [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]]-produced ''Doctor Who'' spin-off series since ''[[The Sarah Jane Adventures]]'' ended in [[2011 (releases)|2011]].
|trailer2    = Official Trailer Class Series Premiere @ 10 10pm ET on BBC America
|clip        = The Doctor Leaves the Humans in Charge For Tonight We Might Die Class
|clip2        = April Becomes the New Shadow King Brave-Ish Heart Class
|clip3        = Charlie Makes the Ultimate Sacrifice The Lost Class
|bts          = Patrick Ness Introduces Class
|bts2        = Meeting The Class Cast - Doctor Who The Fan Show
}}{{Big toc}}
'''''Class''''' was a multi-media [[Doctor Who spin-offs|spin-off]] series of ''[[Doctor Who]]'', co-produced by [[BBC Wales]] and [[BBC America]]<ref name="BBCA" >https://twitter.com/bbcamerica/status/760575939642294272</ref> for digital television station [[BBC Three]] and BBC America<ref name="BBCA" />. It was announced on [[1 October (production)|1 October]] [[2015 (production)|2015]]. ''Class'' was aimed specifically at a young adult audience and contained sexual content, violence and language above the level allowed on the parent series. ''Class'' was the first [[BBC]]-produced ''Doctor Who'' spin-off series since ''[[The Sarah Jane Adventures]]'' ended in [[2011 (releases)|2011]].


Created by [[Patrick Ness]], who, by his own account, is writing all 8 episodes of the first series,<ref name="twitter1">{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Patrick_Ness/status/649882171856035841|title=Patrick Ness' Twitter|author=Patrick Ness|date of source=1 October 2015|website name=Twitter|accessdate=5 October 2015}}</ref> this new programme takes place in [[Coal Hill School]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/doctorwho/entries/953c5b1f-3cc8-4db9-8184-f1b6567260f1|title=Doctor Who Spin Off: Class|author=The Doctor Who Team|date of source=1 October 2015|website name=BBC Doctor Who|accessdate=5 October 2015}}</ref> which first appeared in [[An Unearthly Child (episode)|''Doctor Who''{{'}}s very first episode]] as the school [[Susan Foreman|Susan]] attended in [[1963]]. The school was also a recurring location during [[Series 8 (Doctor Who)|series 8]] and [[Series 9 (Doctor Who)|series 9]], as the school where [[Clara Oswald]] and [[Danny Pink]] both worked as teachers and the [[Twelfth Doctor]] briefly [[The Caretaker (TV story)|worked as a caretaker]] whilst under "deep cover".
Created by [[Patrick Ness]], who was also the sole writer, ''Class'' took place in [[Coal Hill Academy]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/doctorwho/entries/953c5b1f-3cc8-4db9-8184-f1b6567260f1|title=Doctor Who Spin Off: Class|author=The Doctor Who Team|date of source=1 October 2015|website name=BBC Doctor Who|accessdate=5 October 2015}}</ref> (formerly Coal Hill School) which first appeared in [[An Unearthly Child (episode)|''Doctor Who''{{'}}s very first episode]] as the school [[Susan Foreman|Susan]] attended in [[1963]]. Coal Hill had also been a recurring location during [[Series 8 (Doctor Who 2005)|series 8]] and [[Series 9 (Doctor Who 2005)|series 9]], as the school where [[Clara Oswald]] and [[Danny Pink]] both worked as teachers and the [[Twelfth Doctor]] briefly [[The Caretaker (TV story)|worked as a caretaker]] whilst under "deep cover".


''Class'' was first released on [[BBC Three]]'s streaming service on [[22 October (releases)|22 October]] [[2016 (releases)|2016]], with a [[BBC One]] broadcast following in January 2017. In [[Canada]], the spin-off airs on the [[Space (TV channel)|''Space'' channel]].<ref>http://www.cultbox.co.uk/news/headlines/doctor-who-spin-off-class-finds-a-canadian-broadcaster</ref> [[Australia]] airs it on [[ABC2]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tv.press.abc.net.au/prepare-yourselves-class-is-coming-to-abc2-and-iview|title=Prepare yourselves, Class is coming to ABC2 and iview|date of source=26 September 2016|website name=ABC Media Room}}</ref>
''Class'' was first released on BBC Three's streaming service on [[22 October (releases)|22 October]] [[2016 (releases)|2016]]. (Though, this was predated by the performance run of an escape room - ''[[It Must Be Survived (escape game)|It Must Be Survived]]'' - in [[Canada]], where the spin-off aired on the ''[[Space (TV channel)|Space]]'' channel<ref>http://www.cultbox.co.uk/news/headlines/doctor-who-spin-off-class-finds-a-canadian-broadcaster</ref>, from [[15 October (releases)|15 October]] to [[23 October (releases)|23 October]] [[2016 (releases)|2016]].)


''Class'' is in many aspects similar to its sister spin-off series ''[[Torchwood (TV series)|Torchwood]]'' as well as [[Series 5 (Doctor Who)|series 5]] of its mother series ''[[Doctor Who]]'', in which ''"the boundaries of space-time have been stretched to breaking point, allowing all manner of creatures through."'' However, Ness pointed out that ''"We're not telling stories of the 'chosen ones'."'' and that ''"It's happenstance that puts these people [at the centre of things]. What if your timing is just weird and things happen to you? How do you deal with it? I'm interested in real consequences. The Doctor is always exciting, but he never [stays]. He goes off on the next adventure. What happens to real people?"''<ref>http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2016-08-24/the-premise-for-doctor-who-spin-off-class-is-basically-torchwood</ref>
A [[BBC One]] broadcast of the show would follow the iPlayer release, in [[January (releases)|January]] [[2017 (releases)|2017]]. [[Australia]] aired it on [[ABC2]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tv.press.abc.net.au/prepare-yourselves-class-is-coming-to-abc2-and-iview|title=Prepare yourselves, Class is coming to ABC2 and iview|date of source=26 September 2016|website name=ABC Media Room}}</ref>


== Synopsis ==
''Class'' was in many aspects similar to its sister spin-off series ''[[Torchwood (TV series)|Torchwood]]'' as well as [[Series 5 (Doctor Who 2005)|series 5]] of its mother series ''[[Doctor Who]]'', in which "the boundaries of space-time have been stretched to breaking point, allowing all manner of creatures through." However, Ness pointed out that "We're not telling stories of the 'chosen ones'." and that "It's happenstance that puts these people [at the centre of things]. What if your timing is just weird and things happen to you? How do you deal with it? I'm interested in real consequences. The Doctor is always exciting, but he never [stays]. He goes off on the next adventure. What happens to real people?"<ref>http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2016-08-24/the-premise-for-doctor-who-spin-off-class-is-basically-torchwood</ref>
What if [[Rhodia|your planet]] was massacred and you and your worst enemy were the sole survivors? What if [[Twelfth Doctor|a legendary figure]] out of space and time found you a place to hide? But what if the things that want to kill you have tracked you down? And worst of all, what if you haven't studied for your [[A-levels]]...? Because [[Coal Hill School]] has been a part of [[Doctor Who]] since the beginning. But that's come at a price... Like all [[sixth form]]ers, our heroes navigate a life of friends, parents, [[school]], [[sex]], sorrow – and possibly the end of existence. Something waits for us there, just on the other side of sight, for its chance to kill everything, to bring us all into [[Shadow Kin|Shadow]]...


== Cast ==
== Cast ==
Line 35: Line 41:
* [[Corakinus]] - [[Paul Marc Davies]]
* [[Corakinus]] - [[Paul Marc Davies]]
* The [[Twelfth Doctor]] - [[Peter Capaldi]]
* The [[Twelfth Doctor]] - [[Peter Capaldi]]
* [[Frank Armitage|Mr Armitage]] - [[Nigel Betts]]
* [[Vivian Adeola]] - [[Natasha Gordon]]
* [[Vivian Adeola]] - [[Natasha Gordon]]
* [[Varun Singh]] - [[Aaron Neil]]
* [[Varun Singh]] - [[Aaron Neil]]
Line 40: Line 47:
* [[Dorothea Ames]] - [[Pooky Quesnel]]
* [[Dorothea Ames]] - [[Pooky Quesnel]]
* [[Chair of the Governors]] - [[Cyril Nri]]
* [[Chair of the Governors]] - [[Cyril Nri]]
On 13 June 2016, a bit earlier than scheduled, Ness revealed the lead would be a gay character who has a boyfriend, whom he kisses, sleeps with and loves. Ness told that given the recent Orlando shootings, riots caused by homophobia, over the weekend, it seemed less important to keep that a secret.<ref>http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2016-06-13/doctor-who-spin-off-class-will-have-an-lgbt-lead-character</ref>


== Television stories ==
== Television stories ==
Line 47: Line 52:
{{main|Series 1 (Class)}}
{{main|Series 1 (Class)}}


== Genesis ==
=== Series 2 - unproduced ===
{{main|Series 2 (Class)}}


== Production ==
''Class'' originated from discussions between [[Steven Moffat]] and [[Brian Minchin]] about potential spinoffs. Minchin expressed his interest in discussing the idea that they had in mind with Ness. According to Steven Moffat, when interviewed by DigitalSpy, "he came in. And completely changed the idea, really. To, in my view, a much better one."<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O6nP_K8bFK0</ref>


In an interview for [[DWM 502|''Doctor Who Magazine'' #502]], [[Steven Moffat]] told: "My boys are both teenagers, of course, so I'm quite excited to see what they'll make of ''Class'', which has a lot of great stuff for that age group. Well, for every age group, but thanks to Patrick Ness, it captures that teenage world with great poignancy and wit."<ref>https://twitter.com/class_updates/status/758269922023731201</ref>
Ness, however, related to Radio Times, on 29 July 2016, that the idea for ''Class'' had started from the rejection of a ''[[Doctor Who]]'' episode; "At first they asked me to write an episode of ''Doctor Who'', and I said it's a brilliant show, but I've just spent so much time doing work for other people, and I really want to do something of my own. And they said, well we have this idea for setting a spin-off in a school. And it was like, 'ding'! It's been fantastic, I've got six weeks of filming to go. The cast are great, and it's been a fantastic experience. I can't wait for you to see it. Fingers crossed! It's going well."<ref>http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2016-07-29/doctor-who-spin-off-class-started-with-a-rejected-who-episode#</ref>


Patrick Ness revealed to Radio Times, on 29 July 2016, that the idea for Class started up with the rejection of a ''[[Doctor Who]]'' episode; "At first they asked me to write an episode of ''Doctor Who'', and I said it's a brilliant show, but I've just spent so much time doing work for other people, and I really want to do something of my own. And they said, well we have this idea for setting a spin-off in a school. And it was like, 'ding'! It's been fantastic, I've got six weeks of filming to go. The cast are great, and it's been a fantastic experience. I can't wait for you to see it. Fingers crossed! It's going well."<ref>http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2016-07-29/doctor-who-spin-off-class-started-with-a-rejected-who-episode#</ref>
In an interview for ''[[Doctor Who Magazine]]'' [[DWM 502|#502]], Steven Moffat told: "My boys are both teenagers, of course, so I'm quite excited to see what they'll make of ''Class'', which has a lot of great stuff for that age group. Well, for every age group, but thanks to Patrick Ness, it captures that teenage world with great poignancy and wit.<ref>https://twitter.com/class_updates/status/758269922023731201</ref>


==Rumours==
On [[13 June (releases)|13 June]] 2016, a bit earlier than scheduled, Ness revealed the lead would be a gay character who has a boyfriend, whom he kisses, sleeps with and loves. Ness told that given the recent {{w|Orlando Nightclub Shooting|Orlando shootings}}, riots caused by [[homophobia]], over the weekend, it seemed less important to keep that a secret.<ref>http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2016-06-13/doctor-who-spin-off-class-will-have-an-lgbt-lead-character</ref>


On Twitter, Ness jokingly confirmed that Class would feature the return of [[Bernard Quatermass|Quatermass]], an all-nude episode, {{w|Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark|OMD}}, {{w|Toyah (band)|Toyah}}, a dream episode, and [[otter]]s.<ref>http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2015-11-06/patrick-ness-has-written-a-gross-and-evil-and-disgusting-scene-for-doctor-who-spin-off-class</ref>
== Cancellation ==
On [[4 June (production)|4 June]] [[2017 (production)|2017]], Patrick Ness announced that the future of the series was uncertain, and that even if it were to be renewed he would not be taking part.<ref>http://www.ibtimes.com/class-canceled-or-renewed-patrick-ness-exits-doctor-who-spinoff-2547603</ref><ref>https://twitter.com/Patrick_Ness/status/871256325166071808</ref>


It was rumoured that the [[Series 10 (Doctor Who)|2016 ''Doctor Who'' Christmas special]] would be a ''Class'' crossover, but this rumour turned out to be false.<ref>http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2016-09-01/could-the-doctor-who-christmas-special-be-a-class-crossover</ref>
On [[7 September (releases)|7 September]] 2017, [[Radio Times]] spoke to [[BBC3]] controller [[Damian Kavanagh]] about a future return of ''Class'', in which Kavanagh said: "No, no. There was nothing wrong with it, I thought Patrick [Ness] did a great job, he explored an amazing world. In honesty it didn’t really land for us on BBC3; some shows don't and I have to make decisions about what we’re going to do from a drama point of view, and what we did after ''Class'' was ''Clique'' which worked really well for us."<ref>http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2017-09-07/doctor-who-spin-off-class-cancelled/</ref>


==Future of the series==
== Expanded media ==
On 4 June 2017 Patrick Ness announced that the future of the series was uncertain, and that even if it were to be renewed he would not be taking part. <ref>http://www.ibtimes.com/class-canceled-or-renewed-patrick-ness-exits-doctor-who-spinoff-2547603</ref> <ref>https://twitter.com/Patrick_Ness/status/871256325166071808</ref>
=== Escape room ===
''To be added.''


== Novels ==
=== Novels ===
Three books set during [[series 1 (Class)|series 1]] were released on [[27 October (releases)|27 October]] [[2016 (releases)|2016]]:
Three books set during [[series 1 (Class)|series 1]] were released in the UK on [[27 October (releases)|27 October]] [[2016 (releases)|2016]]:


* ''[[Joyride (novel)|Joyride]]'' by [[Guy Adams (writer)|Guy Adams]]
* ''[[Joyride (novel)|Joyride]]'' by [[Guy Adams]]
* ''[[The Stone House (novel)|The Stone House]]'' by [[A.K. Benedict]]
* ''[[The Stone House (novel)|The Stone House]]'' by [[A.K. Benedict]]
* ''[[What She Does Next Will Astound You (novel)|What She Does Next Will Astound You]]'' by [[James Goss]]
* ''[[What She Does Next Will Astound You (novel)|What She Does Next Will Astound You]]'' by [[James Goss]]
In the US, they were instead released as follows: [[7 March (releases)|7 March]] [[2017 (releases)|2017]] (''The Stone House''), [[3 October (releases)|3 October]] [[2017 (releases)|2017]] (''Joyride'') and [[6 March (releases)|6 March]] [[2018 (releases)|2018]] (''What She Does Next Will Astound You'').
=== Audios ===
In [[2018 (releases)|2018]], it was announced that [[Big Finish]] would be producing ''[[Class: The Audio Adventures]]'' - audio stories set during Series 1 - and would be releasing two volumes of audio stories starring the cast of ''Class''. These first two volumes were released [[21 August (releases)|21 August]] [[2018 (releases)|2018]], and contained the following stories:
* ''[[Gifted (audio story)|Gifted]]'' by [[Roy Gill]]
* ''[[Life Experience (audio story)|Life Experience]]'' by [[Jenny T Colgan]]
* ''[[Tell Me You Love Me (audio story)|Tell Me You Love Me]]'' by [[Scott Handcock]]
* ''[[Everybody Loves Reagan (audio story)|Everybody Loves Reagan]]'' by [[Tim Foley]]
* ''[[Now You Know... (audio story)|Now You Know...]]'' by [[Tim Leng]]
* ''[[In Remembrance (audio story)|In Remembrance]]'' by [[Guy Adams]]
A further two volumes - also set during Series 1, as per agreed licensing - were announced in [[2019 (releases)|2019]]. They were then released [[28 April (releases)|28 April]] [[2020 (releases)|2020]], and contained the following stories:
* ''[[The Soers' Ditch (audio story)|The Soers' Ditch]]'' by [[Carl Rowens]]
* ''[[Catfish (audio story)|Catfish]]'' by [[Kate Thorman]]
* ''[[Sweet Nothings (audio story)|Sweet Nothings]]'' by [[Michael Dennis]]
* ''[[Mock (audio story)|Mock]]'' by [[Alfie Shaw]]
* ''[[The Creeper (audio story)|The Creeper]]'' by [[Lizzie Hopley]]
* ''[[Queen of Rhodia (audio story)|Queen of Rhodia]]'' by [[Blair Mowat]]
''Further to be added.''
== Merchandise ==
''To be added.''
== External links ==
{{official website|www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p048h1bz}}
{{YouTube|channel/UC0N8K6RO_fu4VcXbGdQBNyQ}}


== Footnotes ==
== Footnotes ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|2}}
 
{{ClassTV}}
{{Spin-offs}}
[[de:Class]]
 
[[Category:Class (TV series)| ]]
[[Category:Television overviews]]
[[Category:Television overviews]]
[[Category:Class (TV series)| ]]
[[Category:Doctor Who spin-offs]]

Latest revision as of 18:50, 3 November 2024

This topic might have a better name.

Class (series), as this article has since expanded to cover Class across other media beyond the TV series

Talk about it here.

RealWorld.png

Class was a multi-media spin-off series of Doctor Who, co-produced by BBC Wales and BBC America[1] for digital television station BBC Three and BBC America[1]. It was announced on 1 October 2015. Class was aimed specifically at a young adult audience and contained sexual content, violence and language above the level allowed on the parent series. Class was the first BBC-produced Doctor Who spin-off series since The Sarah Jane Adventures ended in 2011.

Created by Patrick Ness, who was also the sole writer, Class took place in Coal Hill Academy,[2] (formerly Coal Hill School) which first appeared in Doctor Who's very first episode as the school Susan attended in 1963. Coal Hill had also been a recurring location during series 8 and series 9, as the school where Clara Oswald and Danny Pink both worked as teachers and the Twelfth Doctor briefly worked as a caretaker whilst under "deep cover".

Class was first released on BBC Three's streaming service on 22 October 2016. (Though, this was predated by the performance run of an escape room - It Must Be Survived - in Canada, where the spin-off aired on the Space channel[3], from 15 October to 23 October 2016.)

A BBC One broadcast of the show would follow the iPlayer release, in January 2017. Australia aired it on ABC2.[4]

Class was in many aspects similar to its sister spin-off series Torchwood as well as series 5 of its mother series Doctor Who, in which "the boundaries of space-time have been stretched to breaking point, allowing all manner of creatures through." However, Ness pointed out that "We're not telling stories of the 'chosen ones'." and that "It's happenstance that puts these people [at the centre of things]. What if your timing is just weird and things happen to you? How do you deal with it? I'm interested in real consequences. The Doctor is always exciting, but he never [stays]. He goes off on the next adventure. What happens to real people?"[5]

Cast[[edit] | [edit source]]

Main cast[[edit] | [edit source]]

Secondary cast[[edit] | [edit source]]

Television stories[[edit] | [edit source]]

Series 1 - 2016[[edit] | [edit source]]

Main article: Series 1 (Class)

Series 2 - unproduced[[edit] | [edit source]]

Main article: Series 2 (Class)

Production[[edit] | [edit source]]

Class originated from discussions between Steven Moffat and Brian Minchin about potential spinoffs. Minchin expressed his interest in discussing the idea that they had in mind with Ness. According to Steven Moffat, when interviewed by DigitalSpy, "he came in. And completely changed the idea, really. To, in my view, a much better one."[6]

Ness, however, related to Radio Times, on 29 July 2016, that the idea for Class had started from the rejection of a Doctor Who episode; "At first they asked me to write an episode of Doctor Who, and I said it's a brilliant show, but I've just spent so much time doing work for other people, and I really want to do something of my own. And they said, well we have this idea for setting a spin-off in a school. And it was like, 'ding'! It's been fantastic, I've got six weeks of filming to go. The cast are great, and it's been a fantastic experience. I can't wait for you to see it. Fingers crossed! It's going well."[7]

In an interview for Doctor Who Magazine #502, Steven Moffat told: "My boys are both teenagers, of course, so I'm quite excited to see what they'll make of Class, which has a lot of great stuff for that age group. Well, for every age group, but thanks to Patrick Ness, it captures that teenage world with great poignancy and wit.[8]

On 13 June 2016, a bit earlier than scheduled, Ness revealed the lead would be a gay character who has a boyfriend, whom he kisses, sleeps with and loves. Ness told that given the recent Orlando shootings, riots caused by homophobia, over the weekend, it seemed less important to keep that a secret.[9]

Cancellation[[edit] | [edit source]]

On 4 June 2017, Patrick Ness announced that the future of the series was uncertain, and that even if it were to be renewed he would not be taking part.[10][11]

On 7 September 2017, Radio Times spoke to BBC3 controller Damian Kavanagh about a future return of Class, in which Kavanagh said: "No, no. There was nothing wrong with it, I thought Patrick [Ness] did a great job, he explored an amazing world. In honesty it didn’t really land for us on BBC3; some shows don't and I have to make decisions about what we’re going to do from a drama point of view, and what we did after Class was Clique which worked really well for us."[12]

Expanded media[[edit] | [edit source]]

Escape room[[edit] | [edit source]]

To be added.

Novels[[edit] | [edit source]]

Three books set during series 1 were released in the UK on 27 October 2016:

In the US, they were instead released as follows: 7 March 2017 (The Stone House), 3 October 2017 (Joyride) and 6 March 2018 (What She Does Next Will Astound You).

Audios[[edit] | [edit source]]

In 2018, it was announced that Big Finish would be producing Class: The Audio Adventures - audio stories set during Series 1 - and would be releasing two volumes of audio stories starring the cast of Class. These first two volumes were released 21 August 2018, and contained the following stories:

A further two volumes - also set during Series 1, as per agreed licensing - were announced in 2019. They were then released 28 April 2020, and contained the following stories:

Further to be added.

Merchandise[[edit] | [edit source]]

To be added.

External links[[edit] | [edit source]]

Footnotes[[edit] | [edit source]]