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{{otheruses}}
{{Infobox Organisation
{{dablink|"Imperium Romanum", [[Latin]] for "Roman Empire", redirects here. For the video game, see [[Imperium Romanum (video game)]].}}
|image      = Dalek Emperor.jpg
{{pp-semi-protected|small=yes}}
|aka        = Expansionist Daleks
|leader      = {{il|[[Dalek Emperor]]|[[Supreme Dalek]]|[[Dalek Council]]|[[Parliament of the Daleks]]}}
|bases      = [[Skaro]], [[Seriphia Galaxy]]
|members    =
|first cs    = Red for Danger (short story)
|appearances = {{appears}}
}}
{{you may|Dalek Empire (audio series)|Dalek Empire (disambiguation)|n1=the audio series|n2=another, similarly-named topic}}
The '''Dalek Empire''' was an [[empire]] created by the [[Dalek]]s which spanned much of time and space. With a goal to exterminate all life save the Daleks themselves, the Empire waged numerous interstellar wars, bringing it into frequent conflict with [[the Doctor]]. It was divided for a time during its [[Imperial-Renegade Dalek Civil War|civil war]], but was eventually reunited. Ultimately, the entire Empire fought the [[Time Lord]]s in the [[Last Great Time War]], which was marked by unprecedented destruction across time. The Dalek Empire ceased to exist when the war ended, although remnants survived. One of the survivors of the Dalek Empire, [[Dalek Caan]], went on to become the founder of the [[New Dalek Empire]], which would later be succeeded by a [[New Dalek Paradigm|third]] and [[Resurrected Dalek Empire|fourth empire]].
 
== History ==
=== Origins ===
Inheriting the [[Kaled]] belief that [[Skaro]] was the only world in the universe that could support life, ([[TV]]: {{cs|Genesis of the Daleks (TV story)}}) the earliest incarnation of the Dalek Empire was focused only on Skaro, intending to rebuild and fully colonise their ruined planet. [[Thal-Dalek battle|Their first encounter]] with the [[First Doctor]], who confirmed that other life existed in the universe, ([[TV]]: {{cs|The Daleks (TV story)}}) however led the Daleks to devote themselves to one day leaving Skaro and conquer other worlds. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|The Lights of Skaro (audio story)}}, {{cs|Return to Skaro (audio story)}})
 
With the knowledge of constructing spacecraft lost to them, ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)}}) the Daleks first attempted to claim [[the Doctor's TARDIS]] as a means of reaching other planets, ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Return to Skaro (audio story)}}) but instead reverse engineered [[Krattorian]] blueprints. ([[COMIC]]: {{cs|Power Play (comic story)}}) Before their own spacecrafts were completed, it was believed that the Daleks had made alliances with spacefaring races, such as the [[Voord]], to transport Dalek forces to desirable planets. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Doctor Who and the Daleks (short story)}})
 
While the [[Dalek Prime|original Dalek Emperor]] journeyed with the newly-built Dalek conquest fleet, a [[Emperor of the Exterminators|new Emperor]] took control of a faction of Daleks on Skaro, which he named the [[Exterminator Dalek]]s, by contrast to the spacefaring group, which he called "the Expansionist Daleks". The splinter-Empire of the Exterminators vowed to remain on Skaro and scour the planet to find any potential [[Thal]] survivors. They briefly took control of the [[Dalek City]], only to be themselves annihilated by a small but well-prepared Thal commando, leaving the Expansionists as the only ruling Dalek Empire. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|The Dalek Problem (novel)}})
 
=== Early expansion ===
After the construction of the first [[Dalek Fleet]], the Daleks first attacked the planet [[Alvega]], ultimately destroying it when it would not surrender to them. ([[COMIC]]: {{cs|The Amaryll Challenge (comic story)}}) In building the Dalek Empire, the Daleks experienced a technological surge comparable to the [[Gallifreyan]]s' own empire building. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|A Brief History of Time Lords (novel)}}) As the Daleks spread further out from Skaro, they developed the [[Pathweb]] to share knowledge and information across their race. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|The Triumph of Davros (audio story)}})
 
In the early days of the Empire, Dalek [[factory ship]]s were sent out by the thousands to quickly mass produce legions of Daleks on other planets. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)}}) One of these capsules landed on the planet [[Vulcan (Invasion of the Daleks)|Vulcan]] where it would later be uncovered by human colonists who sought to exploit Dalek technology. The Daleks within worked to conquer the planet only to be destroyed by the [[Second Doctor]]. ([[TV]]: {{cs|The Power of the Daleks (TV story)}}) [[Reconnaissance scout]] Daleks were also sent out ahead of the main fleet to gather information of targeted worlds before the fleet would be summoned. ([[TV]]: {{cs|Resolution (TV story)}})
 
The Daleks targeted [[Solturis]] for conquest however the planet's Prince [[Jareth]] saw to the destruction of their landing forces with the [[Pentaray]]. Solturis was the first planet the Daleks had failed to vanquish. ([[COMIC]]: {{cs|The Penta Ray Factor (comic story)}})
 
After fending off an attack on the Dalek City by the [[Monstron]]s, ([[COMIC]]: {{cs|The Menace of the Monstrons (comic story)}}) the Daleks attempted to takeover [[Oric]] however came into conflict with [[Mechanoid]]s who used a [[suspicion ray]] against them and warned the Daleks to stay out of their skies. The Emperor ordered that the Daleks prepare for war against the Mechanoids. ([[COMIC]]: {{cs|Eve of War (comic story)}}) In preparation for the war, the Daleks sought the secret of invisibility on the planet [[Phryne]]. Though they subjugated the planet successfully, the Daleks lost the secret. ([[COMIC]]: {{cs|The Archives of Phryne (comic story)}}) The Daleks diverted a rogue planet, [[Skardal]] which was threatening Skaro on a course towards the Mechanoids' planet. ([[COMIC]]: {{cs|The Rogue Planet (comic story)}}) The [[Zerovian]]s took advantage of this to avert the looming war, with their robot agent [[2K]] manipulating the Daleks into destroying Skardal and then telling the Mechanoids this had been a deliberate act of non-aggression. ([[COMIC]]: {{cs|Impasse (comic story)}})
 
After obtaining the coordinates of [[Earth]], the Daleks decided to conquer the planet. ([[COMIC]]: {{cs|The Road to Conflict (comic story)}}) They launched an [[2060s Dalek invasion of Earth|invasion]] however it met with defeat due to the intervention of the [[Elder (Return of the Elders)|Elders]]. ([[COMIC]]: {{cs|Return of the Elders (comic story)}})
 
By the end of the [[21st century]], the Daleks were scattered around the edges of [[Mutter's Spiral|the galaxy]], working on building a stable galactic powerbase. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Alien Bodies (novel)}})
 
=== Conquest of Earth ===
{{Main|2150s Dalek invasion of Earth}}
{{Main|2180s Dalek invasion of Earth}}
{{Main|2223 Dalek invasion of Earth}}
[[File:dalekinvasion 201.jpg|thumb|left|Daleks at Chelsea Heliport during the [[2150s Dalek invasion of Earth|occupation of Earth]]. ([[TV]]: {{cs|The Dalek Invasion of Earth (TV story)}})]]
After the Dalek Empire had conquered thousands of worlds, ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)}}) they staged an [[2150s Dalek invasion of Earth|invasion and conquest]] of [[Earth]] in the year [[2157]]. ([[TV]]: {{cs|The Dalek Invasion of Earth (TV story)}}) The Daleks intended to use Earth to enact [[Project Degravitate]], turning the planet into a massive warship to carry their forces across the galaxy, ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|The Dalek Conquests (audio story)}}) but the interference of the First Doctor led to their invasion being overthrown. ([[TV]]: {{cs|The Dalek Invasion of Earth (TV story)}}) Following this, other subjugated races began rising up against the Empire. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)}})
 
Decades later, the Dalek Empire launched a [[2180s Dalek invasion of Earth|second invasion of Earth]] whilst being guided by the time-displaced [[Dalek Time Controller]] and aided by [[The Monk (The Book of Kells)|the Monk]]. The Daleks successfully occupied Earth again and planned to install a time engine to turn the planet in a plague world for [[Viyran]] viruses. This plan was foiled when [[Lucie Miller]] crashed a saucer into the engine, creating a [[time warp]] which wiped out the Dalek forces on Earth. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Lucie Miller (audio story)}}, {{cs|To the Death (audio story)}})
 
In [[2223]], by which time the [[Parliament of the Daleks]] governed the empire, a [[2223 Dalek invasion of Earth|new invasion of Earth]] was launched. After an attempt by a [[Dalek Supreme (Vengeance)|Dalek Supreme]] to establish a forward base in [[London]] met with heavy resistance from {{Roberts}}, the Parliament ordered the invasion be abandoned. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Vengeance (audio story)}})
 
=== Expanding the Empire ===
:''As always, [[time travel]] makes the sequence of events here conjectural.''
 
==== 25th century invasion ====
{{Main|25th century Dalek invasion}}
By [[2400]], [[Skaro]] had moved into Earth's solar system and the [[Dalek Prime|Dalek Emperor]] ordered the Daleks begin a new campaign of conquest. The Daleks first wiped out the primitive races on the moons of [[Jupiter]] and the monsters on the moons of [[Saturn]]. They then destroyed the small human colony on [[Mars]] in just three hours.


{{Infobox Former Country
[[File:Dalek Council Chamber.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Dalek Council]] discusses the occupation of [[Venus]]. ([[COMIC]]: {{cs|The Oil Well (comic story)}})]]
|native_name = {{aut|Imperium Romanorum}}{{#tag:ref|Other possibilities are ''Senatus PopulusQue Romanus'', the official name of the Roman state and ''Romania'', a later term, which appears in Greek and Latin sources from the fourth century onward and was adopted by the [[Byzantine Empire]]. (See Wolff, R.L. "Romania: The Latin Empire of Constantinople". In: ''Speculum'', 23 (1948), pp. 1-34 (pp. 2-3).)|group=nb}}<br> {{Polytonic|Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων}}
Several weeks later, the Daleks invaded [[Venus]], reducing [[New Paris]] to ruins with the survivors rounded up and, after a brief protest during which several dissenters were exterminated, enslaved. ([[COMIC]]: {{cs|Invasion of the Daleks (comic story)}}) The slaves were used to mine [[oil]] that the Daleks required to invade Earth. ([[COMIC]]: {{cs|The Oil Well (comic story)}}) Through the combined efforts of slaves led by [[Jeff Stone]] and the [[Space Army]], the occupation of Venus was defeated. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|The Secret of the Mountain (short story)}})
|conventional_long_name = Roman Empire {{#tag:ref|Other possibilities are ''Imperium Romanorum'' and ''Romania''. ''Res publica'', as a term denoting the Roman "commonwealth" in general, can refer to both the Republican and the Imperial era, while ''Imperium Romanorum'' is used to denote the territorial extent of Roman authority. The later term ''Romania'', which was eventually carried over to [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantium]], appears in Greek and Latin sources from the fourth century onward. (See Wolff, R.L. "Romania: The Latin Empire of Constantinople". In: ''Speculum'', 23 (1948), pp. 1-34 (pp. 2-3).)|group=nb}}
 
|conventional_long_name = Roman Empire
[[File:Battle for the Moon.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Dalek Emperor]] sues for peace. ([[COMIC]]: {{cs|Battle for the Moon (comic story)}})]]
|common_name = Roman Empire
After a series of defeats, the Daleks were forced to retreat back to Skaro where they activated a force field to prevent the Space Army from landing. The Space Army discovered there were gaps in the force field at the poles to allow air in. After they threatened to sealed them both, the Daleks were forced to lower the force field and agree to peace talks. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Break-through! (short story)}}) As the Emperor agreed to a peace treaty, the Stone siblings foiled a secret plot by the Dalek [[Black Fleet]] on the [[Moon]] to suffocate Earth. Under the treaty the Daleks were disarmed and confined to Skaro. ([[COMIC]]: {{cs|Battle for the Moon (comic story)}})
|national_motto = {{lang|la|[[SPQR{{!}}''Senatus Populusque Romanus'']]}} (SPQR){{spaces|2}}<small>([[Latin]])<br />"The Senate and People of Rome"</small>
 
|era        = Classical antiquity
This began the [[Age of Universal Peace]] in [[2409]], ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Break-through! (short story)}}) which one account claimed lasted until the [[27th century]] when humanity allowed the Daleks to rearm to destroy a [[Mechanical Planet]] threatening Earth and Skaro. The Emperor subsequently proclaimed the start of [[27th century Dalek invasion|a new campaign]]. ([[COMIC]]: {{cs|The Mechanical Planet (comic story)}}) Other accounts showed the Daleks armed and waging war with humanity in the [[26th century]]. ([[TV]]: {{cs|Frontier in Space (TV story)}}, {{cs|Planet of the Daleks (TV story)}}, [[PROSE]]: {{cs|Prisoner of the Daleks (novel)}}, [[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Out of Time (audio story)}})
|status      = Empire
 
|continent  = Europe, Asia, Africa
==== Second Dalek War ====
|region      = Mediterranean
{{Main|Second Dalek War}}
|government_type = [[Autocracy]],<br>[[Dictatorship]]
[[File:Fronzen Daleks.jpg|right|thumb|The Dalek army on [[Spiridon]] is entombed in ice. ([[TV]]: {{cs|Planet of the Daleks (TV story)}})]]
|p1          = Roman Republic
In [[2540]], the [[Gold Dalek (Day of the Daleks)|Gold Dalek]], aided by the [[Renegade Time Lord]] known as {{Delgado}}, attempted to provoke war between the humans and [[Draconian]]s, leaving both species open for Dalek conquest ([[TV]]: {{cs|Frontier in Space (TV story)}}) whilst an army of ten thousand Daleks was assembled on [[Spiridon]]. ([[TV]]: {{cs|Planet of the Daleks (TV story)}}) The plan was known as [[Operation Divide and Conquer]]. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|The Dalek Conquests (audio story)}}) The Master's scheme was exposed to representatives of the Earth and Draconian empires by the [[Third Doctor]] and [[Jo Grant|Jo]] ([[TV]]: {{cs|Frontier in Space (TV story)}}) who subsequently aided a [[Spiridon campaign|Thal expedition]] in entombing the army on Spiridon in ice. ([[TV]]: {{cs|Planet of the Daleks (TV story)}})
|flag_p1    = Spqrstone.jpg
 
|s1          = Byzantine Empire
The exposure of the Dalek plot led to the [[Second Dalek War]]. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Love and War (novel)}}) The war lasted for decades, ([[COMIC]]: {{cs|Abslom Daak... Dalek Killer (comic story)}}, {{cs|Star Tigers (comic story)}}, {{cs|Nemesis of the Daleks (comic story)}}, [[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Out of Time (audio story)}}) but ultimately resulted in the Dalek Empire's defeat. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Prisoner of the Daleks (novel)}})
|flag_s1    = Flag of Palaeologus Emperor.svg
|s2          = Western Roman Empire
|flag_s2    = Labarum.svg
|event_start = [[Augustus|Octavian]] proclaimed [[Augustus (honorific)|Augustus]]
|year_start  = 27 BC
|event_end  = Deposition of [[Romulus Augustus]] / [[Fall of Constantinople]] <sup>*</sup>
|year_end    = AD 476 / 1453
|event_pre  = Battle of Actium
|date_pre    = 2 September 31 BC
|event1      = [[Diocletian]] splits imperial administration between east and west
|date_event1 = 285
|event2      = [[Constantine I]] declares [[Constantinople]] new imperial capital
|date_event2 = 330
|event3      = Death of [[Theodosius the Great]], followed by permanent division of the Empire into eastern and western halves
|date_event3 = 395
|image_coat  = Vexilloid of the Roman Empire.svg
|symbol_type  = [[:commons:Image:Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg#Summary|Vexilloid]]
|image_map  = RomanEmpire_117.svg
|image_map_caption = The Roman Empire under [[Trajan]] in 117 AD
|capital    = [[Rome]]<small><br/>(44 BC – AD 286)</small><br/>[[Constantinople]]<small><br/>(From 330)</small><br/>[[Ravenna]]<br/>[[Milan]]<br/>[[Nicomedia]]
|common_languages = [[Latin]], [[Ancient Greek|Greek]]
|religion    = [[Imperial cult (ancient Rome)|Roman Imperial Cult]]<small><br/>(to 380)</small><br/>[[Christianity]]<small><br/>(from 380)
|currency    = [[Quadrans]], [[Semis]], [[As (coin)|As]], [[Dupondius]], [[Quinarius]],  [[Sestertius]], [[Denarius]], [[Aureus]], [[Solidus (coin)|Solidus]]
|leader1    = [[Augustus]]
|leader2      = [[Theodosius I]]
|leader3      = [[Romulus Augustus]] / [[Constantine XI]]
|year_leader1 = 27 BC – AD 14
|year_leader2 = 379 – 395
|year_leader3 = 475 — 476 / 1449 — 1453
|title_leader = [[Roman Emperor|Emperor]]
|title_representative = [[Roman consul|Consul]]
|representative1 =
|representative2 =
|year_representative1 =
|year_representative2 =
|legislature  = [[Roman Senate]]
||stat_year1  = 25 BC<ref name=size>{{cite journal|journal=Social Science History |title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D. |first=[[Rein Taagepera|Rein]] |last=[[Rein Taagepera|Taagepera]] |volume=3 |issue=3/4 |year=1979 |pages=125 |url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0145-5532%281979%293%3A3%2F4%3C115%3ASADOEG%3E2.0.CO%3B2-H |doi=10.2307/1170959}}</ref><ref>John D. Durand, ''Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation'', 1977, pp. 253-296.</ref>
|stat_area1  = 2750000
|stat_year2  = 50<ref name=size/>
|stat_pop1  = 56800000
|stat_area2  = 4200000
|stat_year3  = 117<ref name=size/>
|stat_area3  = 5000000
|stat_pop3  = 88000000
|stat_year4  = 390 <ref name=size/>
|stat_area4  = 4400000
|footnotes  = * These events marked the end of the [[Western Roman Empire]] (286 – 476)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/507739/Roman-Empire|title=Roman Empire -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia|publisher=www.britannica.com|accessdate=2008-07-09}}</ref> and of the [[Eastern Roman Empire]] (330 – 1453), respectively.
}}
The '''Roman Empire''' was the [[Roman Republic|post-Republican]] phase of the [[Ancient Rome|ancient Roman civilization]], characterised by an [[autocracy|autocratic]] form of government and large territorial holdings in [[Europe]] and around the [[Mediterranean]].<ref>"Roman Empire," Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2008</ref> The term is used to describe the Roman state during and after the time of the first emperor, [[Augustus]]. The 500-year-old [[Roman Republic]], which preceded it, had been weakened by several [[Roman civil wars|civil wars]].{{#tag:ref|During the struggles of the Late Republic hundreds of senators were killed or died, and the [[Roman Senate]] had been refilled with supporters of the [[First Triumvirate]] and later those of the [[Second Triumvirate]].|group=nb}} Several events are commonly proposed to mark the transition from Republic to Empire, including [[Julius Caesar|Julius Caesar's]] appointment as perpetual [[Roman dictator|dictator]] (44 BC), the victory of [[Augustus|Octavian]] at the [[Battle of Actium]] (2 September 31 BC), and the Roman Senate's granting to Octavian the [[honorific]] ''[[Augustus (honorific)|Augustus]]'' (16 January 27 BC).{{#tag:ref|Octavian/Augustus officially proclaimed that he had saved the Roman Republic and carefully disguised his power under republican forms; [[consul]]s continued to be elected, [[tribune]]s of the plebeians continued to offer legislation, and senators still debated in the [[curia|Roman Curia]]. However, it was Octavian, and every effective emperor thereafter, who influenced everything and controlled the final decisions, and in final analysis, had the [[Roman legions|legions]] to back him up, if it ever became necessary.|group=nb}}


The [[Latin (language)|Latin]] term [[Imperium#Territories|''Imperium Romanorum'']] (Roman Empire), probably the best-known Latin expression where the word ''imperium'' denotes a territory, indicates the part of the world under Roman rule. Roman expansion began in the days of the Republic, but reached its zenith under Emperor [[Trajan]]. At this territorial peak, the Roman Empire controlled approximately 5,900,000&nbsp;km² (2,300,000&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi) of land surface. Because of the Empire's vast extent and long endurance, Roman influence upon the language, religion, architecture, philosophy, law, and government of nations around the world lasts to this day.
==== Time travel campaigns ====
{{Main|Time Paradox Incident}}
{{Main|Mechonoid Incident}}
The Dalek Empire sought [[time travel]], allying with [[Renegade Time Lord]] [[Shazar]] to develop [[TARDIS]]es of their own. The effort failed due to the interference of the [[Fourth Doctor]] and the Time Lord [[High Council]], ([[COMIC]]: {{cs|Return of the Daleks (TVC comic story)}}) however the Daleks did eventually develop primitive time travel in the form of [[taranium]]-powered [[Dalek time machine]]s of their own, which resembled cruder version of the Time Lords' own. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|The Chase (novelisation)}})


In the late 3rd century AD, [[Diocletian]] established the practice of dividing authority between two emperors, one in the western part of the empire and one in the east, in order to better administer the vast territory. For the next century this practice continued, with occasional periods in which one emperor assumed complete control. However, after the death of [[Theodosius I|Theodosius]] in 395, no single emperor would ever again hold genuine supremacy over a united Roman Empire.<ref>Chester G. Starr, ''A History of the Ancient World, Second Edition.''  Oxford University Press, 1974. pp. 670-678.</ref> The [[Western Roman Empire]] collapsed in 476 as [[Romulus Augustus]] was forced to abdicate by [[Odoacer]].<ref>Isaac Asimov. ''Asimov's Chronology of the World.'' Harper Collins, 1989. p. 110.</ref> The Eastern Roman or [[Byzantine Empire]] endured until 1453 with the [[Fall of Constantinople|capture of Constantinople]] by the [[Ottoman Turks]] led by [[Mehmed II]].<ref>Asimov, p. 198.</ref> Therefore, it is difficult to give an exact date when the Roman Empire ceased to exist, however this article will focus on the empire from 27 BC to the permanent division in AD 395. For more information, see [[History of the Roman Empire]].
[[File:Gold Dalek.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Gold Dalek]] ruling Earth in an [[Alternate timeline (Day of the Daleks)|alternate timeline]]. ([[TV]]: {{cs|Day of the Daleks (TV story)}})]]
Seeking to redeem itself for the failure of the alliance with the Master, ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)}}) the [[Gold Dalek]] attempted to use time travel to [[Time Paradox Incident|reconquer]] Earth, taking advantage of a paradoxical outbreak of [[World War III]] in the [[20th century]] which left Earth weak. Despite the Daleks' effort to defend their [[alternate timeline (Day of the Daleks)|new timeline]], battling [[UNIT]] at [[Auderly House]] in the 20th century, the Third Doctor was able to avert the paradox. This deprived the Daleks of their opportunity to invade, erasing their occupation of Earth. ([[TV]]: {{cs|Day of the Daleks (TV story)}})


==Government==
[[File:DARDIS IN SPACE TIME CONTINUUM.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Dalek time machine (The Chase)|Dalek time machine]] pursues [[the Doctor's TARDIS]] through time. ([[TV]]: {{cs|The Chase (TV story)}})]]
{{main|Roman Emperor|Roman Senate|Praetorian Guard|Sacramentum|Donativum}}
By one account, the [[Black Dalek Leader]] took inspiration from the Gold Dalek's use of time travel and [[Mechonoid Incident|sent a taskforce of Daleks to assassinate the Doctor]] in his first incarnation, ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)}}) whereas others implied this event was earlier in Dalek history. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|The Chase (novelisation)}}, {{cs|Mission to the Unknown (novelisation)}}) After a chase across time, the Doctor trapped his pursuers in a battle against the [[Mechonoid]]s on [[Mechanus]] and his companions stole their time machine, which they destroyed in [[1965]]. ([[TV]]: {{cs|The Chase (TV story)}}) The loss of the time machine crippled Dalek time travel for sometime. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Mission to the Unknown (novelisation)}})
===Emperor===
The powers of an emperor, (his ''[[imperium]]'') existed, in theory at least, by virtue of his "tribunician powers" (''potestas tribunicia'') and his "proconsular powers" (''imperium proconsulare'').<ref name="Abbott, 342">Abbott, 342</ref> In theory, the tribunician powers (which were similar to those of the [[Plebeian Tribune]]s under the old republic) made the emperor's person and office sacrosanct, and gave the emperor authority over Rome's civil government, including the power to preside over and to control the Senate.<ref name="Abbott, 357">Abbott, 357</ref> The proconsular powers (similar to those of military governors, or [[Proconsul]]s, under the old republic) gave him authority over the Roman army. He was also given powers that, under the republic, had been reserved for the [[Roman Senate|Senate]] and the [[Roman assemblies|assemblies]], including the right to declare war, to ratify treaties, and to negotiate with foreign leaders.<ref name="Abbott, 345">Abbott, 345</ref> The emperor also had the authority to carry out a range of duties that had been performed by the [[Roman Censors|censors]], including the power to control senate membership.<ref name="Abbott, 354">Abbott, 354</ref> In addition, the emperor controlled the [[Roman religion|religious institutions]], since, as emperor, he was always ''[[Pontifex Maximus]]'' and a member of each of the four major priesthoods.<ref name="Abbott, 345">Abbott, 345</ref> While these distinctions were clearly defined during the early empire, eventually they were lost, and the emperor's powers became less constitutional and more monarchical.<ref name="Abbott, 341">Abbott, 341</ref>


Realistically, the main support of an emperor's power and authority was the military. Being paid by the imperial treasury, the legionaries also swore an annual military oath of loyalty towards him, called the [[Sacramentum]]. <ref>{{cite book|title=The Complete Roman Army|first=Adrian |last=Goldsworthy|chapter =The Life of a Roman Soldier|pages=p. 80|isbn=0-500-05124-0|year=2003|publisher=Thames & Hudson|location=London}}</ref> The death of an emperor led to a crucial period of uncertainty and crisis. In theory the senate was entitled to choose the new emperor, but most emperors choose their own successors, usually a close family member. The new emperor had to seek a swift acknowledgement of his new status and authority in order to stabilize the political landscape. No emperor could hope to survive, much less to reign, without the allegiance and loyalty of the [[Praetorian Guard]] and of the legions. To secure their loyalty, several emperors paid the ''[[donativum]]'', a monetary reward.
The [[Dalek Prime|Dalek Emperor]] personally organised an [[2415 Dalek invasion|invasion of Earth]] in [[2415]] using time machines. His time machine malfunctioned however, delivering him to [[1415]] instead, and in his absence the invasion was a complete failure. ([[COMIC]]: {{cs|The Secret of the Emperor (comic story)}})


===Senate===
Acting on the orders of the Emperor, a Dalek time machine, crewed by an [[Elite Guard Dalek]] and three subordinate silver Daleks, oversaw the conditioning of [[Caligula]], Emperor of Rome, in the year 37 AD. When Caligula resisted Dalek commands, the leading Dalek deemed the mission a failure and they withdrew. ([[COMIC]]: {{cs|Empire of the Daleks (comic story)}})
[[Image:Curia Iulia.JPG|left|thumb|200px|The [[Curia Julia]] in the [[Roman Forum]], the seat of the Senate.]]
While the [[Roman assemblies]] continued to meet after the founding of the empire, their powers were all transferred to the [[Roman Senate]], and so senatorial decrees (''senatus consulta'') acquired the full force of law.<ref name="Abbott, 385">Abbott, 385</ref>


In theory, the emperor and the senate were two co-equal branches of government, but the actual authority of the senate was negligible and it was largely a vehicle through which the emperor disguised his autocratic powers under a cloak of republicanism. Still prestigious and respected, the Senate was largely a glorified [[Rubber stamp (politics)|rubber stamp]] institution which had been stripped of most of its powers, and was largely at the emperor's mercy.
==== The Great War ====
{{Main|Great War (The Evil of the Daleks)}}
Over the course of five hundred years, the Daleks gained control of over seventy planets in [[Ninth Galactic System]] and forty more in the constellation of [[Miros]], ([[TV]]: {{cs|Mission to the Unknown (TV story)}}) and conquered the [[Second Galaxy|Second]], [[Third Galaxy|Third]] and [[Ninth Galaxy|Ninth Galaxies]] in a [[Outer Galaxies War|war]] across the [[Outer Galaxies]]. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)}})


Many emperors showed a certain degree of respect towards this ancient institution, while others were notorious for ridiculing it. During senate meetings, the emperor sat between the two [[Roman Consul|consuls]], <ref name="Abbott, 383">Abbott, 383</ref> and usually acted as the presiding officer. Higher ranking senators spoke before lower ranking senators, although the emperor could speak at any time.<ref name="Abbott, 383">Abbott, 383</ref> By the third century, the senate had been reduced to a glorified municipal body.
In the [[40th century]], the Daleks came into increasing conflict with the [[Space Security Service]], ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|The Outlaw Planet (short story)}}, [[COMIC]]: {{cs|Sara Kingdom: Space Security Agent (comic story)}}, [[AUDIO]]: {{cs|The Destroyers (audio story)}}) launching [[40th century Dalek invasion of Earth|another invasion of Earth]] which met with defeat. ([[COMIC]]: {{cs|The Brain Tappers (comic story)}}) They attacked the world home to [[Mark Seven]] and his adoptive parents, inspiring the android to fight back against them by joining the SSS. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Cycle of Destruction (audio story)}}) Mark was a founding member of the [[Anti-Dalek Force]] which fought the Daleks on multiple worlds. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Terror Task Force (short story)}})


===Senators and Equestrians===
[[File:Galactic Council 3.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Black Dalek Leader|Black Dalek]] before the assembled [[Galactic Council]]. ([[TV]]: {{cs|The Daleks' Master Plan (TV story)}})]]
{{main|Equestrian order|Cursus honorum}}
The [[Black Dalek Leader|Black Dalek]] enacted [[Time Destructor Incident|a master plan]] in the year [[4000]]. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)}}) Forming the [[Galactic Council]], made up of representatives of the [[Outer Galaxies]], the Black Dalek attempted to lure all the major galactic powers to the [[solar system]] which it would then destroy with a [[Time Destructor]]. ([[TV]]: {{cs|Mission to the Unknown (TV story)}}, {{cs|The Daleks' Master Plan (TV story)}}) A group of human historians claimed the Black Dalek had launched the master plan at a point in time when it was the sole survivor of the Dalek Council. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)}})
No emperor could rule the empire without the Senatorial Order and the [[Equestrian order|Equestrian Order]]. Most of the more important posts and offices of the government were reserved for the members of these two aristocratic orders. It was from among their ranks that the provincial governors, legion commanders, and similar officials were chosen.


These two classes were hereditary and mostly closed to outsiders. Very successful and favoured individuals could enter, but this was a rare occurrence. The careers of the young aristocrats was influenced by their family connections and the favour of patrons. As important as ability, knowledge, skill, or competence; patronage was considered vital for a successful career and the highest posts and offices required the emperor's favour and trust.
The formation of alliance on [[Kembel]] was discovered by SSS agent [[Marc Cory]], however the Daleks exterminated him before he could send a warning to Earth. ([[TV]]: {{cs|Mission to the Unknown (TV story)}}) Another SSS agent, [[Bret Vyon]], and the [[First Doctor]] discovered the conspiracy as the [[Guardian of the Solar System]], [[Mavic Chen]] delivered the [[Taranium]] core required for the Time Destructor. The Doctor stole the Taranium and fled Kembel, resulting in a pursuit across the galaxy. The Doctor was finally forced to return to Kembel, but gave the Daleks a fake core before escaping in his TARDIS. Upon discovering the deception, ([[TV]]: {{cs|The Daleks' Master Plan (TV story)}}) the Black Dalek requested a [[Dalek time machine]] commanded by a [[Red Dalek Leader|Red Dalek]], ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|The Mutation of Time (novelisation)}}) which pursued the Doctor to ancient [[Egypt]] and regained the core. Over the course of these events the alliance fell apart and once the core was obtained the Daleks trapped the delegates, planning to kill them with the operational Time Destructor. Before they could, the Doctor returned to Kembel, freeing the delegates to spread word of the Daleks' plot to their civilisations and stealing the Time Destructor. He activated the device, turning its power against the Daleks and devastating Kembel. ([[TV]]: {{cs|The Daleks' Master Plan (TV story)}}) While some Daleks survived, ([[TV]]: {{cs|Asylum of the Daleks (TV story)}}) including the Black Dalek by one account, ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)}}) all the infrastructure delegated for the plan was destroyed by the weapon, dealing a severe blow to the Dalek Empire. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|The Mutation of Time (novelisation)}})
====Senatorial Order====
The son of a senator was expected to follow the ''[[Cursus honorum]]'', a [[career ladder]], and the more prestigious positions were restricted to senators only. A senator also had to be wealthy; one of the basic requirements was the wealth of 12,000 gold [[Aureus|Aurei]] <ref>Suetonius, ''The Twelve Caesars'', Life of Augustus [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html#41 ''paragraph 41'']</ref>, a figure which would later be raised with the passing of centuries.
====Equestrian Order====
Below the Senatorial Order was the Equestrian Order. The requirements and posts reserved for this class, while perhaps not so prestigious, were still very important. Some of the more vital posts, like the governorship of [[Aegyptus (Roman province)|Aegyptus]], were even forbidden to the members of the Senatorial Order and available only to equestrians.


==Military==
The Time Destructor plot began the [[Great War (The Evil of the Daleks)|Great War]]. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|The Evil of the Daleks (novelisation)}}) In the [[41st century]] Daleks fought against the SSS, ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|The House of Kingdom (audio story)}}) and invaded the [[Galactic Federation]]. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Legacy (novel)}}) After this war petered out, ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|The Whoniverse (novel)}}) the Daleks attempted to exploit a [[space plague]] by sending an [[Exxilon Gambit|expedition]] to [[Exxilon]] to claim supplies of the only cure, [[parrinium]], but were foiled by the [[Third Doctor]] and a group of human marines. ([[TV]]: {{cs|Death to the Daleks (TV story)}}) When a second wave of plague began affecting Daleks, a second expedition was sent but also failed due to interference of the [[Fourth Doctor]]. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|The Dalek Protocol (audio story)}})
[[Image:Roman Empire 125.svg|thumb|right|300px|The Roman empire under [[Hadrian]] (ruled 117-38) showing the location of the Roman legions deployed in 125 AD]]
{{main|Military of ancient Rome|Roman army|Roman Navy}}
===Legions===
During and after the civil war, Octavian reduced the huge number of the [[Roman legion|legions]] (over 60 <ref>''The complete Roman army'' by Adrian Goldsworthy, 2003 chapter ''The Army of the Principate'', p.50; ISBN 0-500-05124-0</ref>) to a much more manageable and affordable size (28 <ref>''The complete Roman army'' by Adrian Goldsworthy, 2003 chapter ''The Army of the Principate'', p.50; ISBN 0-500-05124-0</ref>). Several legions, particularly those with doubtful loyalties, were simply disbanded. Other legions were amalgamated, a fact suggested by the title ''Gemina'' (Twin <ref>''The complete Roman army'' by Adrian Goldsworthy, 2003 chapter ''The Army of the Principate'', p.50; ISBN 0-500-05124-0</ref>). In AD 9 Germanic tribes wiped out three full legions in the [[Battle of the Teutoburg Forest]]. This disastrous event reduced the number of the legions to 25. The total of the legions would later be increased again and for the next 300 years always be a little above or below 30 <ref>''The complete Roman army'' by Adrian Goldsworthy, 2005 chapter ''The Army of the Principate'', p.183; ISBN 0-500-05124-0</ref>. Augustus also created the [[Praetorian Guard]]: nine [[Cohort (military unit)|cohorts]] ostensibly to maintain the public peace which were garrisoned in Italy. Better paid than the legionaries, the Praetorians also served less time; instead of serving the standard 25 years of the legionaries, they retired after 16 years of service <ref>''Rome and her enemies'' published by Osprey, 2005 part 3 ''Early Empire 27BC - AD 235'', chapter 9 ''The Romans'', section ''Remuneration'', p.183; ISBN 978-1-84603-336-0</ref>.
===Auxillia===
While the [[Auxiliaries (Roman military)#Rule of Augustus (30 BC&ndash;14 AD)By 23&nbsp;AD|Auxillia]] (Latin: ''auxilia'' = supports) are not as famous as the legionaries, they were of major importance. Unlike the legionaries, the auxilia were recruited from among the non-citizens. Organized in smaller units of roughly cohort strength, they were paid less than the legionaries, and after 25 years of service were rewarded with [[Roman citizenship]], also extended to their sons. According to [[Tacitus]] <ref>[[Tacitus]] ''[[Annales]]'' IV.5</ref> there were roughly as many auxiliaries as there were legionaries. Since at this time there were 25 legions of around 5,000 men each, the auxilia thus amounted to around 125,000 men, implying approximately 250 auxiliary regiments <ref>Goldsworthy (2003) 51</ref>.
===Navy===
The [[Roman Navy]] (Latin: ''Classis'', lit. "fleet") not only aided in the supply and transport of the legions, but also helped in the protection of the frontiers in the rivers Rhine and Danube. Another of its duties was the protection of the very important maritime trade routes against the threat of pirates. Therefore it patrolled the whole of the [[Mediterranean Sea]], parts of the [[Atlantic|North Atlantic]] (coasts of Hispania, Gaul, and Britannia), and had also a naval presence in the [[Black Sea]]. Nevertheless the army was considered the senior and more prestigious branch <ref>''The complete Roman army'' by Adrian Goldsworthy 2003, chapter ''After Service'', p.114; ISBN 0-500-05124-0</ref>.
==Provinces==
{{main|Roman province|Senatorial province|Imperial province|Grain supply to the city of Rome}}
In the old days of the Republic the governorships of the provinces were traditionally <ref name="paragraph 47">Suetonius, ''The Twelve Caesars'', Life of Augusts [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html#47 ''paragraph 47'']</ref> awarded to members of the [[Senatorial Order]]. Augustus' reforms changed this policy.
===Imperial provinces===
Augustus created <ref>Suetonius, ''The Twelve Caesars'', Life of Augustus [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html#47 ''paragraph 47'']</ref> the [[Imperial province]]s. Most, but not all, of the Imperial provinces were relatively recent conquests and located at the borders. Thereby the overwhelming majority of legions, which were stationed at the frontiers, were under direct Imperial control. Very important was the Imperial province of [[Aegyptus (Roman province)|Aegyptus]] (modern Egypt), the major [[breadbasket]] of the empire. Its [[Grain supply to the city of Rome|grain supply]] was vital to feed the masses in Rome. It was considered the personal fiefdom of the emperor, and Senators were forbidden to even visit this province. The governor of Aegyptus and the commanders of any legion stationed there were not from the Senatorial Order, but were chosen by the emperor from among the members of the lower [[Equestrian order|Equestrian Order]].
===Senatorial provinces===
The old traditional policy continued largely unchanged in the [[Senatorial province]]s. Due to their location, away from the borders, and to the fact that they were under longer Roman sovereignty and control, these provinces were largely peaceful and stable. Only a single legion was based in a Senatorial province: [[Legio III Augusta]], stationed in the Senatorial province of [[Africa Province|Africa]] (modern northern Algeria).


The status of a province was subject to change; it could change from Senatorial towards Imperial, or vice-versa. This happened several times <ref name="paragraph 47"/> during Augustus' reign. Another trend was to create new provinces, mostly by dividing older ones, or by expanding the empire.
Over centuries, the Great War turned against the Dalek Empire as they suffered significant defeats, including a [[Thal]] offensive that resulted in the loss of 200 Dalek saucers, the [[Draconian]]s annihilating half of the Dalek fleet along the Draconian frontier and the [[Terran Federation]] liberating six worlds from Dalek rule. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|The Evil of the Daleks (novelisation)}})


==Religion==
[[File:Dalek civil war flashback.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Dalek Civil War]], ([[COMIC]]: {{cs|Children of the Revolution (comic story)}}) that the [[Second Doctor]] incited within the Empire. ([[TV]]: {{cs|The Evil of the Daleks (TV story)}})]]
{{main|Religion in ancient Rome|Imperial cult (ancient Rome)|Persecution of religion in ancient Rome}}
A thousand years after the events on Kembel, ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|The Evil of the Daleks (novelisation)}}) the [[Second Doctor]] used the Emperor's [[Operation Human Factor|experiments]] with the [[Human factor|Human Factor]] to instigate a [[Dalek Civil War]]. Despite the Doctor's hopes that this would prove the Daleks' "final end", ([[TV]]: {{cs|The Evil of the Daleks (TV story)}}) The rebellion failed ([[COMIC]]: {{cs|Bringer of Darkness (comic story)}}) and the surviving [[humanised Dalek]]s were forced to flee Skaro. ([[COMIC]]: {{cs|Children of the Revolution (comic story)}}) The Time Lords believed that the humanised Daleks were the first instance of a Dalek splinter group. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Dalek Combat Training Manual (reference book)}})
As the empire expanded, and came to include people from a variety of cultures, the worship of an ever increasing number of [[deity|deities]] was tolerated and accepted. The imperial government, and the Romans in general, tended to be very tolerant towards most religions and cults, as long as they observed and included sacrifices to the divine emperors as a declaration of loyalty to the empire. However a select few religions were not tolerated, and on occasion even actively persecuted.


===Imperial cult===
==== Possible alteration of the timeline ====
In an effort to enhance loyalty, the inhabitants of the empire were called to participate in the [[Imperial cult (Ancient Rome)|Imperial cult]] and revere the emperors and certain members of the imperial family as gods. The importance of the Imperial cult slowly grew, reaching its peak during the [[Crisis of the Third Century]]. Especially in the eastern half of the empire imperial cults grew very popular, and the cult complex became one of the focal points of life in the [[polis|Roman cities]]. As such it was one of the major agents of [[romanization (cultural)|romanization]]. The central elements of the cult complex were next to a temple; a [[Roman theatre (structure)|theatre]] or [[amphitheatre]] for gladiator displays and other games and a [[Thermae|public bath complex]]. Sometimes the imperial cult was added to the cults of an existing temple or celebrated in a special hall in the bath complex.
{{Main|Genesis Incident}}
Fearing that the Dalek Empire would one day conquer all of [[N-Space]], the [[Time Lord]]s sent the [[Fourth Doctor]] to Skaro to avert the [[creation of the Daleks]] only for him to fail in his task. ([[TV]]: {{cs|Genesis of the Daleks (TV story)}}) By one account, the Doctor's actions [[Alternate timeline|created a new timeline]] in which Dalek [[history]] played out differently, thousands of [[world]]s originally [[Slavery|enslaved]] by the Dalek Empire were made free of Dalek control in the new timeline. However, many more worlds remained under the rule of the Empire and the Time Lords considered the Doctor's mission a [[failure]]. They subsequently directed him to a [[Deepcity]], where they predicted his actions would bring about the rise of a race of [[robot]]s capable of defeating the Dalek Empire. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|A Device of Death (novel)}})


The seriousness of this belief is unclear. Some Romans ridiculed the notion that a Roman emperor was to be considered a living god, or would even make fun of the deification of an emperor after his death. [[Seneca the Younger]] parodied the notion of apotheosis in his only known satire ''[[The Pumpkinification of Claudius]]'', in which the clumsy and ill-spoken [[Claudius]] is not transformed into a god, but into a [[pumpkin]]. In fact, bitter sarcasm was already effected at Claudius' funeral in 54 <ref>Tacitus, ''[[Annals (Tacitus)|Ann.]]'' XII, 69.</ref>.
By another account though, the Doctor had not changed anything, his actions being part of a [[bootstrap paradox]] because he only established the Dalek history he had already lived through. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|The Dalek Problem (novel)}}) Indeed, his encounters with the Daleks prior to his fourth incarnation still had occurred. ([[TV]]: {{cs|Asylum of the Daleks (TV story)}}, [[AUDIO]]: {{cs|The Lights of Skaro (audio story)}}, {{cs|The Dalek Defence (audio story)}}, [[COMIC]]: {{cs|Children of the Revolution (comic story)}})


===Absorption of foreign cults===
=== Movellan War ===
Several foreign gods and cults grew popular, and the worship of [[Cybele]], [[Isis]], [[Mithras]], and [[Sol Invictus]] became quite important. Several of these were popular [[Mystery cult]]s.
{{Main|Dalek-Movellan War}}
[[File:Movellan exterminated.jpg|thumb|left|The Daleks fight the [[Movellan]]s. ([[TV]]: {{cs|Destiny of the Daleks (TV story)}})]]
The Dalek Empire waged [[Dalek-Movellan War|war]] against the [[Movellan]]s. According to research by the [[Celestial Intervention Agency]], at the start of the war the Dalek Empire was divided under the rule of two Emperors, one of who was based on Skaro. The Skaro based Emperor became the sole ruler after the [[Emperor Dalek (The Dalek Problem)|other]] was destroyed by the Movellans. The Daleks' strategies against the Movellans were initially harmed by the Emperor struggling to keep track of forces formerly commanded by his counterpart. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|The Dalek Problem (novel)}}) Multiple Supreme Daleks existed during the war, serving the Emperor; [[Dalek Supreme (The Triumph of Davros)|one]] led a [[Kembel faction|faction]] of Daleks back to [[Kembel]], seeking to regain lost knowledge in time travel. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|The Triumph of Davros (audio story)}})


===Persecuted religions===
The two sides eventually became locked in a stalemate, as both were reliant on logical [[battle computer]]s. In an attempt to break the stalemate, the Daleks sent [[Movellan Incident|an expedition to Skaro]] to recover their creator [[Davros]] in the hopes of him providing new strategies. The interference of a rival Movellan expedition and the [[Fourth Doctor]] and [[Romana II|Romana]] led to the Daleks being destroyed and Davros being taken into the freed slaves' custody. ([[TV]]: {{cs|Destiny of the Daleks (TV story)}}) Davros was transferred to the [[Earth Protection Corps]], however the Dalek saucer captured the ship he was being transported on after it had rescued the [[Tenth Doctor]] and [[Anya Kingdom]]. Interference by Movellan forces led to the Earth ship crashing on Kembel before the Daleks could board. The Kembel faction emerged from hiding to capture Anya and the ship's commander, however Davros and the Doctor had already fallen into the hands of the Movellan forces, being led personally by the [[Mark Seven|First Movellan]]. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|The Dalek Defence (audio story)}}) Davros feigned forming an alliance with the Movellans, to unite them and the Daleks against Earth, using this front to infect them with a [[computer virus]]. The Doctor prevented the virus spreading just as Earth Protection forces arrived on Kembel, defeating the Daleks there and recapturing Davros.
====Druids====
[[Druid]]s were seen as essentially non-Roman: a prescript of [[Augustus]] forbade Roman citizens to practice "druidical" rites. [[Pliny]] reports <ref>[[Pliny's Natural History]] xxx.4.</ref> that under [[Tiberius]] the druids were suppressed—along with diviners and physicians—by a decree of the Senate, and [[Claudius]] forbade their rites completely in AD 54 <ref name="paragraph 25">Suetonius, ''The Twelve Caesars'', Life of Claudius [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Claudius*.html#25 ''paragraph 25'']</ref>.


====Judaism====
Inspired by his encounter with Davros, the First Movellan ordered the development of a [[Movellan virus|virus]] to attack the organic components of the Daleks. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|The Triumph of Davros (audio story)}}) Human historians attributed this decision to the Daleks reintroducing organic matter into themselves to gain advantages in the war, with their subsequent deviances from logic revealing their organic nature to the Movellans. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)}})
While [[Judaism]] was largely tolerated, it was on occasion subject to (mostly) local persecution.


Tiberius <ref>Suetonius, ''The Twelve Caesars'', Life of Tiberius [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Tiberius*.html#36 ''paragraph 36'']</ref> forbade Judaism in Rome, and Claudius expelled Jews from the city. However the passage of Suetonius is ambiguous: ''"Because the Jews at Rome caused continuous disturbances at the instigation of Chrestus he [Claudius] expelled them from the city"'' <ref name="paragraph 25"/>. ''Chrestus'' has been identified as another form of ''Christus''; the disturbances may have been related to the arrival of the first Christians, and that the Roman authorities, failing to distinguish between the Jews and the early Christians, simply decided to expel them all.
The Movellans' virus devastated the Dalek Empire, leading to its collapse across the galaxy. In the aftermath, several remaining Dalek commanders tried to reorganise what was left of their own isolated sectors. The result exacerbated the existing factionalism. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Resurrection of the Daleks (novelisation)}})


====Christianity====
=== Empire in Civil War ===
[[Christianity]] was born out of Judaism following the death of [[Jesus of Nazareth]] and emerged in [[Iudaea Province|Judea]] in 29 AD. The religion spread, establishing major bases in [[Antioch]], particularly by [[St. Peter]], then [[Alexandria]]. [[Saul of Tarsus]], later known as [[St. Paul]], was a persecutor of early Christians. He began preaching tours after his conversion in Damascus, as early as 37 A.D.<ref>Prat, F. (1911). St. Paul. In <u>The Catholic Encyclopedia</u>. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved February 11, 2009 from New Advent: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11567b.htm</ref> Paul, known as "Apostle to the Gentiles", publicly addressed and acknowledged non-Jewish persons as members of the Christian faith. His letters highlight differences between Judaism and the newly-founded Christianity. Over time, Christianity would spread throughout the empire and it was initially largely left in peace.{{Fact|date=February 2009}}
{{Main|Imperial-Renegade Dalek Civil War}}
==== The schism ====
The war with the Movellans had led increased factionalism within the Dalek Empire due to the Daleks dispersing into different areas of the universe to hide from the Movellan virus, ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Remembrance of the Daleks (novelisation)}}) In [[4590]], ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Resurrection of the Daleks (novelisation)}}) ninety years after his retrieval from Skaro, the Daleks [[Duplicate Incident|rescued Davros]] from human custody in the hopes of him developing a cure to the Movellan virus. He deemed the Daleks to be failures however and stated his intent to start over, unleashing the virus on the Daleks before fleeing in an escape pod. The [[Fifth Doctor]] also interfered in the rescue, freeing a Dalek agent who blew up the Dalek ship. ([[TV]]: {{cs|Resurrection of the Daleks (TV story)}})


[[Suetonius]] mentions passingly that: ''"[during Nero's reign] Punishments were also inflicted on the Christians, a sect professing a new and mischievous religious belief"'' <ref>Suetonius, ''The Twelve Caesars'', Life of Nero [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Nero*.html#16 ''paragraph 16'']</ref> but he doesn't explain for what they were punished.
[[File:Daleks Necros.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Imperial Dalek|new Daleks]] Davros created on [[Necros]]. ([[TV]]: {{cs|Revelation of the Daleks (TV story)}})]]
[[Tacitus]] reports that after the [[Great Fire of Rome]] in AD 64 some in the population held Nero responsible <ref name="annals-xv-44">Tacitus, ''Annals'' [[wikisource:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 15#44|XV.44]]</ref> and that to diffuse blame, he targeted and blamed the Christians <ref name="annals-xv-44" />.
After being retrieved by [[Lorraine Baynes]] and making a failed attempt to exploit her company, ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Davros (audio story)}}) Davros made his way to [[Necros]] where he used the humans in stasis at the [[Tranquil Repose]] to create [[Imperial Dalek|new Daleks]], loyal to him. The Dalek Supreme learnt of his activity and sent an [[Necros Incident|expedition]] to Necros to capture Davros, destroying his new Daleks, and bring him back to Skaro for trial. ([[TV]]: {{cs|Revelation of the Daleks (TV story)}}) One account claimed the ship transporting Davros and two surviving Necros Daleks crashed en route to Skaro on [[Lethe]], where Davros established himself in the human colony as "Professor Vaso" and developed the [[Juggernaut]]s based on [[Mechanoid]]s. A Black Dalek recruited the [[Sixth Doctor]] to locate Davros, after which the Daleks invaded. In the ensuing skirmish the colony was destroyed after the self-destruct on Davros' chair was triggered. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|The Juggernauts (audio story)}})


Persecution of Christians would be a recurring theme in the Empire for the next two centuries. [[Eusebius]] and [[Lactantius]] document the last great persecution of the Christians under [[Diocletian]] at the beginning of the 4th century at the urging of [[Galerius]]. This was the most vicious persecution of Christians in the Empire's history.
[[File:Davros' Trial.jpg|thumb|left|[[Davros's trial (Revelation of the Daleks)|The trial of Davros]] before the [[Dalek Emperor]]. ([[COMIC]]: {{cs|Emperor of the Daleks! (comic story)}})]]
Accounts differed on the nature and outcome of [[Davros' trial (Revelation of the Daleks)|the trial]]; one claimed the Daleks on Skaro, so concerned with the growing schism that they believed they needed direction, brought Davros to their homeworld so he could try at solving their issue by providing guidance. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Innocence (audio story)}}) Another showed the trial serving a test of whether Davros was worthy of leadership over the Daleks, with him passing after exposing a Thal spy. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|The Davros Mission (audio story)}}) Another suggested the [[Dalek Prime|Emperor]] personally oversaw Davros on trial for crimes against the Daleks, until he was rescued by the [[Sixth Doctor]] who took him to [[Spiridon]] as part of a conspiracy with his [[Seventh Doctor|next incarnation]]. There, Davros revived a dormant Dalek army and converted it to his leadership. He used the army to attack Skaro and exterminate the Emperor, declaring himself the new Emperor of the Daleks. The Daleks entered a new era, led by Davros as the new Emperor. ([[COMIC]]: {{cs|Emperor of the Daleks! (comic story)}})


As the 4th century progressed, Christianity had become so widespread that it became officially tolerated, then promoted ([[Constantine I]]), and in 380 established as the Empire's official religion ([[Theodosius I]]). By the 5th century Christianity had become the Empire's predominant religion rapidly changing the Empire's identity even as the Western provinces collapsed.<ref>Ekelund, Robert Burton; Hébert, Robert F.: ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=FP08EXnwP3YC The Marketplace of Christianity]'', pg. 60, The MIT Press, Nov. 2006, ISBN 978-0-262-05082-1</ref> This would lead to the persecution of the traditional polytheistic religions that had previously characterized most of the Empire.
==== Imperials versus Renegades ====
The schism grew, with the [[Imperial Dalek]]s being loyal to Emperor Davros and the [[Renegade Dalek]]s being loyal to the [[Dalek Supreme]]. The subsequent [[Imperial-Renegade Dalek Civil War|civil war]] stretched across the entire Dalek Empire, though the factionalism present in Dalek ranks since the end of the Movellan war meant that not every renegade sect was at war with Davros.


==Languages==
In addition to the war against the renegades, the Imperial Daleks waged the "[[Pa Jaski-Thal|liquidation war]]" against the [[Thal]]s, the "[[Pa Jass-Gutrik|war of vengeance]]" against the Movellans and the "[[Pas Jass-Vortan|time campaign]]". ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Remembrance of the Daleks (novelisation)}}) Emperor Davros led an attempt to change history by altering the outcome of the [[Battle of Waterloo]] in [[1815]], planning to use mind transfer technology to replace [[Napoléon Bonaparte]]'s mind with that of a Dalek and use Napoleon's mind for the Dalek battle computers. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|The Curse of Davros (audio story)}})
{{main|Latin|Classical Latin|Vulgar Latin|Greek language|Koine Greek|Phoenician language|Aramaic language|Syriac language|Coptic language|Celtic languages}}
The language of [[Rome]] before its expansion was [[Latin]], and this became the Empire's official language. By the time of the imperial period Latin began evolving into [[diglossia|into two languages]]: the 'high' written [[Classical Latin]] and the 'low' spoken [[Vulgar Latin]]. While Classical Latin remained relatively stable, even through the [[Middle Ages]], Vulgar Latin as with any spoken language was fluid and evolving. Vulgar Latin became the [[lingua franca]] in the western provinces later evolving into the modern [[Romance languages]]: [[Italian language|Italian]], [[French language|French]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]], etc. Greek and Classical Latin were considered the languages of literature, scholarship, and education.


Although Latin remained the official and most widely spoken language through to the [[fall of Rome]] and for some centuries after in the [[Byzantine Empire|East]], the [[Greek language]] was the [[lingua franca]] in the Eastern Provinces.<ref>Fergus Millar, ''A Greek Roman Empire: Power and Belief under Theodosius II (408-450)''. Sather Classical Lectures, Vol. 64. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006. Pp. 279. ISBN 0-520-24703-5; Warren Treadgold "A Concise History of Byzantium" (New York: St Martin's Press, 2001); Warren Treadgold "A History of the Byzantine State and Society" (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997)</ref> With the exception of Carthage, the Romans generally did not attempt to supplant local cultures and languages. It is to their credit that they generally left established customs in place and only gradually supplemented with the typical Roman-style improvements.<ref name="Freeman1">Freeman (1999), pp.389-433</ref> Greek was already widely spoken in many cities in the east, and as such, the Romans were quite content to retain it as an administrative language there rather than impede bureaucratic efficiency. Hence, two official secretaries served in the Roman Imperial court, one charged with correspondence in Latin and the other with correspondence in Greek for the East.<ref>Lee I. Levine ''Jerusalem'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=gqL8C_JBEm0C&pg=PA270&dq=rome+catacombs+greek+latin+aramaic+inscription+%25&sig=ACfU3U1d84XhiN27AIqCOGI6jL2pSwhYXA#PPA154,M1 ''see page 154'']</ref> Thus in the Eastern Province, as with all provinces, original languages were retained.<ref>http://www.unrv.com/provinces/judaea.php</ref><ref><i>Social and Economic Conditions of the Roman Empire in the Fourth
[[File:Imperial Daleks explode retreat.jpg|thumb|right|Fighting among Daleks in [[1963]] [[Shoreditch]]. ([[TV]]: {{cs|Remembrance of the Daleks (TV story)}})]]
Century</i> by Paul Vinogradoff, 1911, Cambridge Medieval History, Volume One, pp. 542-567</ref> Moreover, the process of hellenisation continued more extensively, well beyond city boundaries, during the Roman period, for the Romans perpetuated [[Hellenistic civilization|"Hellenistic"]] culture,<ref>Lee I. Levine ''Jerusalem'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=gqL8C_JBEm0C&pg=PA270&dq=rome+catacombs+greek+latin+aramaic+inscription+%25&sig=ACfU3U1d84XhiN27AIqCOGI6jL2pSwhYXA#PPA154,M1 ''p. 154'']</ref><ref> Andrew Sherratt (Ed.) "The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Archeology" (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), pp. 242-243. ISBN 0-521-22989-8</ref>{{#tag:ref|This is somewhat simplistic as the Romans did not simply adopt/copy Greek or other cultures. See, for example, 'Freeman, C. "The Greek Achievement: The Foundation of the Western World" (New York: Penguin, 1999)' for a more detailed description of how the Romans interacted with Greek (and other) cultures.|group=nb}} but with all the trappings of [[Greco-Roman|Roman]] improvements.<ref>http://www.religiousstudies.uncc.edu/jdtabor/overview-roman-world.html; http://www.jstor.org/pss/3155063; http://www.scriptureinhistory.org.au/Articles/Syria%20article.htm</ref><ref> Andrew Sherratt (Ed.) "The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Archeology" (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), pp. 240-244. ISBN 0-521-22989-8</ref> This further spreading of "Hellenistic" culture (and therefore language) was largely due to the extensive infrastructure (in the form of entertainment, health, and education amenities, and extensive transportation networks, etc.) put in place by the Romans and their tolerance, and inclusion, of other cultures, a characteristic which set them apart from the xenophobic nature of the Greeks preceding them.<ref name="Freeman1"/>
As the civil war escalated, the [[Seventh Doctor]] set a trap for the Imperial Daleks in [[Shoreditch]] in [[1963]], luring Davros with the propsect of controlling the [[Hand of Omega]]. The Supreme's Renegades seized the Hand first, forcing the Doctor to manipulate events so the Imperials reclaimed it in the ensuing [[Shoreditch Incident|skirmish]], with the Supreme being the only Renegade survivor of the expedition. Once he possessed the Hand, the Doctor contacted Davros and provoked him into activating it, unaware the Doctor had pre-programmed it to destroy Skaro, ([[TV]]: {{cs|Remembrance of the Daleks (TV story)}}) by detonating Skaro's second sun. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|The Stranger (short story)}}) The Hand subsequently destroyed the Imperial Dalek mothership in Earth's orbit, with Davros escaping at the last moment in an escape pod. The Doctor subsequently confronted the Renegade Supreme and talked it into destroying itself. ([[TV]]: {{cs|Remembrance of the Daleks (TV story)}})


During the 7th century AD Greek became the most widely spoken language in the Empire due to the contraction of the imperial borders to the eastern regions where the [[Greek language]] was most dominant; the administrative language was actually changed to Greek during the reign of [[Heraclius]] (610-641 AD).<ref>Warren Treadgold "A Concise History of Byzantium" (New York: St Martin's Press, 2001); Warren Treadgold "A History of the Byzantine State and Society" (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997)</ref> Since the Roman annexation of Greece in 146 BC the Greek language gradually obtained a unique place in the Roman world, owing initially to the large number of Greek slaves in Roman households.<ref name="Freeman1"/> In Rome itself Greek became the second language of the educated elite.<ref>McDonnell/MacDonnell, ''Roman Manliness: Virtus and the Roman Republic''{{Verify credibility|date=January 2008}}</ref><ref name="Freeman1"/> It became the common language in early the [[Christian Church|Church]] (as it's major centers in the early Christian period were in the East), and the language of scholarship and the arts. However, due to the presence of other widely spoken languages in the densely populated east, such as [[Coptic language|Coptic]], [[Syriac language|Syriac]], [[Armenian language|Armenian]], [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] and [[Phoenician language|Phoenician]] (which was also extensively spoken in North Africa), Greek never took as strong a hold, beyond Asia Minor, (some urban enclaves notwithstanding) as Latin eventually did in the west. This is, partly, evident in the extent to which the derivative languages are spoken today. Like Latin, the language gained a [[Diglossia|dual nature]] with the literary language, an [[Attic Greek]] variant, existing alongside spoken language, [[Koine Greek]], which evolved into [[Medieval Greek|Medieval]] or Byzantine Greek (Romaic).<ref>''Greek Language'', [http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9366082/Greek ''Encyclopedia Britannica'']</ref>
Following the destruction of Skaro, Dalek battlecruisers continued to protect the area of the galaxy where the planet had been, even though it was now desolate. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|The Ripple Effect (short story)}})


By the 4th century AD Greek no longer held such dominance over Latin in the Church, Arts and Sciences as it had previously, resulting to a great extent from the growth of the western provinces (reflected, for example, in the publication in the early 5th century AD of the [[Vulgate|Vulgate Bible]], the first officially accepted Latin [[Bible]]; before this only Greek translations were accepted). As the Western Empire [[Decline of the Roman Empire|declined]], the number of people who spoke both Greek and Latin declined as well, contributing greatly to the future [[Eastern Europe|East]]–[[Western Europe|West]] / [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]–[[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] cultural divide in [[Europe]]. Important as both languages were, today the [[Romance language|descendants of Latin]] are widely spoken in many parts of the world, while the Greek dialects are limited mostly to [[Greece]], [[Cyprus]], and small enclaves in [[Turkey]] and southern [[Italy]]. To some degree this can be attributed to the fact that the western provinces fell mainly to "Latinised" [[Germanic Christianity|Christian]] tribes whereas the eastern provinces fell to [[Islam|Muslim]] Arabs and Turks for whom Greek held less cultural significance.
==== Outcomes of the civil war ====
<!--The major languages of the Roman Empire were [[Latin]] and [[Greek language|Greek]]. Greek was the long established [[lingua franca]] in the Mediterranean and very important in the eastern provinces, while the influence of Latin was stronger in the western provinces and there it slowly gained in importance. The imperial bureaucracy worked in both languages, and two official secretaries <ref>Lee I. Levine ''Jerusalem'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=gqL8C_JBEm0C&pg=PA270&dq=rome+catacombs+greek+latin+aramaic+inscription+%25&sig=ACfU3U1d84XhiN27AIqCOGI6jL2pSwhYXA#PPA154,M1 ''see page 154'']</ref> dealt with the correspondence, in Greek for the eastern provinces, and in Latin for the western provinces.
===== The Dalek Hive =====
{{Main|Dalek Hive}}
[[File:Dalek Hive.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Dalek Hive]]; the last of the Daleks by one account. ([[COMIC]]: {{cs|Fire and Brimstone (comic story)}})]]
According to one account, the [[Dalek Hive]] became the last remaining population of Daleks, led by a [[Supreme Dalek (Fire and Brimstone)|Supreme Dalek]]. After sailing past the [[Magellan Cluster]], the Dalek Hive was attacked by a ship of [[Dalek (Barusa's universe)|Daleks]] from [[Barusa's universe|another universe]]. Becoming paranoid about being invaded en masse by "unalike" Daleks from parallel realities, the Dalek Hive threw their all into the idea of a preemptive strike against the rest of the [[Omniverse]].


By the time of the imperial period Latin had evolved [[diglossia|into two languages]]: the 'high' written [[Classical Latin]] and the 'low' spoken [[Vulgar Latin]]. While Classical Latin remained relatively stable, Vulgar Latin was, as with any spoken language, continually fluid and slowly evolving. Greek had also evolved into [[Attic Greek|Attic]] and [[Koine Greek]]. Greek and Classical Latin were considered the languages of literature, scholarship, and education. One of the passages of ''[[The Twelve Caesars]]'' even tells us that, as a barbarian addressed emperor [[Claudius]] in both Greek and in Latin, the reply of the emperor began with: ''"Since you come armed with both our languages..."'' <ref>Suetonius, ''The Twelve Caesars'', Life of Claudius [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Claudius*.html#42 ''paragraph 42'']</ref>. Claudius is also the last known person to study and to write [[Etruscan language|Etruscan]] which seems to have died out in the 1st century AD.  
Manipulating [[Crivello's Cauldron]] and the [[Eighth Doctor]], the Daleks created an interdimensional gateway. In creating the gateway however, the Daleks had given an opening to various forces from other universes who were waiting for just such an opportunity to swarm in — including the [[Great Vampire]]s as well as the parallel Daleks. The Dalek Hive proved no match for their enemies, with the Dalek Supreme being destroyed by the alternative Daleks. The Doctor resolved the conflict by having [[Ptolemy Muttonchops]], an avatar of the Cauldron, take conscious control of the Cauldron's power and cause it to go supernova, destroying the Daleks entirely. The Doctor later discovered these events had been arranged by the [[Threshold]] to finally wipe out the Daleks. ([[COMIC]]: {{cs|Fire and Brimstone (comic story)}})


Nearly all educated persons in the East could speak Greek, just as all educated persons in the West spoke Latin and Greek, but a great proportion of ordinary people spoke neither. In the enormous and multi-ethnic empire several other languages were spoken, some even gaining local official status during some periods. [[Aramaic language#Late Old Western Aramaic|Aramaic]] and [[Syriac language|Syriac]] were spoken in certain eastern provinces and, in addition to Greek, became accepted literary languages used by the local elite. Also important were [[Coptic language|Coptic]] in Egypt, and [[Armenian language|Armenian]] in Armenia, while [[Punic language|Punic]] seems to have entered a period of slow decline. Hard knowledge about the various [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] dialects and languages is sadly lacking.-->
===== Renegade victory =====
{{Main|Civil war (War of the Daleks)}}
According to another account, the [[Dalek Prime]] and Davros survived the war and encountered one another once more during a decline in Dalek pervasiveness throughout the galaxy. The Prime claimed the Skaro destroyed by the Doctor had in fact been a decoy planet, [[Antalin]], and manipulated events to trigger a final [[Civil war (War of the Daleks)|civil war]] on Skaro to expose remaining Davros loyalists. Davros was again defeated, after which he was seemingly executed and the Dalek Prime set about rebuilding the Empire. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|War of the Daleks (novel)}})


==Culture==
Another account of post-civil war Dalek history held that Davros instead purposely tried to make contact with surviving Renegade Daleks, but his plot to control their minds was foiled by the [[Seventh Doctor]]. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Daleks Among Us (audio story)}})
[[Image:Toga Illustration.png|left|thumb|Roman clad in a [[toga]]]]
{{main|Culture of ancient Rome|Social class in ancient Rome}}
Life in the Roman Empire revolved around the [[city]] of [[Rome]], and its famed [[Seven hills of Rome|seven hills]]. The city also had several [[Roman theatre (structure)|theatres]].<ref> Jones, Mark Wilson ''Principles of Roman Architecture.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000. </ref> [[gymnasium (ancient Greece)|gymnasiums]], and many [[tavern]]s, [[Thermae|baths]] and [[brothel]]s. Throughout the territory under Rome's control, [[residential]] [[architecture]] ranged from very modest [[house]]s to [[Roman villa|country villas]], and in the [[capital city]] of Rome, to the [[House|residences]] on the elegant [[Palatine Hill]], from which the word "''palace''" is derived. The vast majority of the population lived in the city centre, packed into apartment blocks.


Most Roman towns and cities had a [[Roman Forum|forum]] and temples, as did the city of Rome itself. [[Aqueduct (Roman)|Aqueducts]] were built to bring [[water]] to urban centres<ref name="Kevin Greene, “Technological Innovation and Economic Progress in the Ancient World: M.I. Finley Re-Considered”, The Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 53, No. 1. (Feb., 2000), pp. 29-59 (39)">Kevin Greene, “Technological Innovation and Economic Progress in the Ancient World: M.I. Finley Re-Considered”, The Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 53, No. 1. (Feb., 2000), pp. 29-59 (39)</ref> and [[Ancient Rome and wine|wine]] and [[Cooking oil|oil]] were imported from abroad. Landlords generally resided in cities and their estates were left in the care of farm managers. To stimulate a higher labour productivity, many landlords freed a large numbers of slaves. By the time of Augustus, cultured Greek household slaves taught the Roman young (sometimes even the girls). Greek sculptures adorned Hellenistic landscape gardening on the Palatine or in the [[Roman villa|villas]].
===== Davros' new Daleks =====
By another account, Davros' escape pod was blown in the [[Time Vortex]] where he was trapped until being unwittingly discovered by the [[Eighth Doctor]]'s companions [[Samson Griffin|Samson]] and [[Gemma Griffin]]. Taking control of their minds, he had them incapacitate the Doctor and use [[The Doctor's TARDIS|his TARDIS]] to return to Earth in their time zone. Davros used Gemma as a carrier to spread a virus he'd developed and then offered his assistance to governments, exploiting the crisis to create a new race of Daleks.


Many aspects of Roman culture were taken from the [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]].<ref name="Scott, 404">Scott, 404</ref> In [[architecture]] and [[sculpture]], the difference between Greek models and Roman paintings are apparent. The chief Roman contributions to architecture were the [[arch]] and the [[dome]].
Davros had developed a split personality however, between his normal self and a "Dalek Emperor" persona. After the return of the Eighth Doctor to Earth, the Daleks manipulated events so their preferred persona, the Emperor, emerged dominant. The Doctor then used the threat of releasing a virus Davros had developed that would wipe out all life to force them to withdraw from Earth. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Terror Firma (audio story)}})


The centre of the early social structure was the family,<ref name="Abbott, 1">Abbott, 1</ref> which was not only marked by [[bloodline|blood relations]] but also by the legally constructed relation of patria potestas.<ref name="Abbott, 2">Abbott, 2</ref> The [[Pater familias]] was the absolute head of the family; he was the master over his wife, his children, the wives of his sons, the nephews, the slaves and the freedmen, disposing of them and of their goods at will, even putting them to death.<ref name="Abbott, 6">Abbott, 6</ref> Originally, only patrician aristocracy enjoyed the privilege of forming familial clans, or ''gens'', as legal entities; later, in the wake of political struggles and warfare, clients were also enlisted. Thus, such plebian ''gentes'' were the first formed, imitating their patrician counterparts.<ref>''Social History of Rome'' By Géza Alföldy, David Braund, 1985</ref>
===== The Restoration Empire =====
{{Main|Restoration Empire}}
{{Section stub|[[The Restoration Empire (short story)]]}}


[[Slavery]] and slaves were part of the social order; there were [[slave trade|slave markets]] where they could be bought and sold. Many slaves were freed by the masters for services rendered; some slaves could save money to buy their freedom. Generally [[mutilation]] and [[murder]] of slaves was prohibited by legislation. It is estimated that over 25% of the Roman population was enslaved.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/slavery_01.shtml|publisher=BBC|title=Resisting Slavery in Ancient Rome|accessdate=2008-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dl.ket.org/latinlit/mores/slaves/|title=Slavery in Ancient Rome|accessdate=2008-06-20|publisher=Kentucky Educational Television}}</ref>
By another account, the [[Imperial Dalek]]s had triumphed in the Civil War and, after the disappearance of Davros, a [[Emperor of the Restoration|Dalek Supreme]] exterminated the other Daleks on the [[Dalek Council]] ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|The Restoration Empire (short story)}}) and was elected the new Emperor of the Imperial Daleks. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)}}) He founded the [[Restoration Empire]], an attempt to harken back to the earliest days of the Dalek Empire. The Restoration Empire reintroduced [[Silver Dalek]]s as the basic drones and the Emperor modelled himself on the Dalek Prime, creating a gold casing which augmented his brain capacity. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|The Restoration Empire (short story)}}) Human historians believed this Emperor continued Davros' plan to move against the [[High Council]] of the [[Time Lord]]s, thus leading his armies into the [[Last Great Time War]]. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)}})


The city of Rome had a place called the [[Campus Martius]] ("Field of Mars"), which was a sort of drill ground for Roman soldiers. Later, the Campus became Rome’s track and field playground. In the campus, the youth assembled to play and exercise, which included [[jumping]], [[wrestling]], [[boxing]] and [[racing]]. [[equestrianism|Riding]], [[throwing]], and [[swimming]] were also preferred physical activities. In the countryside, [[pastime]] also included [[fishing]] and [[hunting]]. [[Board game]]s played in Rome included [[Dice]] (Tesserae or [[Venus Throw|Tali]]), Roman Chess ([[Ludus latrunculorum|Latrunculi]]), Roman [[Draughts|Checkers]] (Calculi), [[Tic-tac-toe]] (Terni Lapilli), and [[Ludus duodecim scriptorum]] and Tabula, predecessors of backgammon.<ref name="austin-roman1">Austin, Roland G. "Roman Board Games. I", ''Greece & Rome'' 4:10, October 1934. pp. 24-34.</ref> There were several other activities to keep people engaged like chariot races, musical and theatrical performances,
[[File:The Archive of Islos.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Emperor of the Restoration]] on [[Islos]]. ([[WC]]: {{cs|The Archive of Islos (webcast)}})]]
Temporal fluctuations, ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|The Guide to the Dark Times (short story)}}) caused by the [[Tenth Doctor]] defeating the [[Kotturuh]] in the [[Dark Times]], ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|The Knight, The Fool and The Dead (novel)}}) appeared to alter events so this Empire did not immediately fight the Time War. ([[COMIC]]: {{cs|Defender of the Daleks (comic story)}}) The fluctuations were detected by the Daleks and the Emperor learnt that history was under attack via a message sent by [[Dalek (The Last Message)|the last survivor of a Time Squad]] which had yet to be sent back in time. Wanting more information, ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|The Last Message (short story)}}) he led the Daleks in an invasion of [[Islos]] to seize the [[Archive of Islos|Archive]]. However the [[Chief Archivian]] made a deal with [[Slave of the Hond|an Entity]] from outside time and space for the Archive's rescue, promising their rescuer the Dalek Emperor. Upon entering the empty Archive, the Emperor, [[Dalek Prime Strategist|Prime Strategist]] and [[Dalek Executioner (The Guide to the Dark Times)|Executioner]] found a portal from which the Entity emerged. ([[WC]]: {{cs|The Archive of Islos (webcast)}}) The Daleks were able to dupe the [[Mechonoid]]s into defeating this creature, ([[WC]]: {{cs|Planet of the Mechanoids (webcast)}}, {{cs|The Deadly Ally (webcast)}}) before banishing both of their foes to [[the Entity's dimension]]. The Entity however warned the Daleks of an oncoming threat. ([[WC]]: {{cs|Day of Reckoning (webcast)}})


===Clothing, dining, and the arts===
This threat materialised in the form of the [[Hond]], an omnicidal species from the [[Dark Times]]. The Restoration Empire initially attempted to ally with them only to be turned down and forced on the defensive. When only Skaro remained, the Daleks sought out the Tenth Doctor, who believed that the Restoration Empire was the result of a paradox, for aid, bringing him before the Emperor. Working, albeit reluctantly, with the Strategist, the Doctor deduced that the Hond were suffering made manifest and managed to cure them of their suffering, ending their crusade against the Daleks. A [[Grey Dalek (Defender of the Daleks)|Grey Dalek]] made an attempt to exterminate the Tenth Doctor but the [[Thirteenth Doctor]] helped him escape. With one Doctor lost to them, the Strategist suggested the Daleks turn their attention to other Doctors. ([[COMIC]]: {{cs|Defender of the Daleks (comic story)}})
{{main|Roman cuisine|Latin literature|Roman art|Roman music|Roman architecture}}
The cloth and the dress distinguished one class of people from the other class. The tunic worn by [[plebeians]] (common people) like shepherds and slaves was made from coarse and dark material, whereas the [[tunic]] worn by [[patricians]] was of linen or white wool.<ref>Pliny the Elder's [[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]], book 12 pp. 38</ref> A magistrate would wear the tunic augusticlavi; senators wore a tunic with broad stripes, called tunica laticlavi. Military tunics were shorter than the ones worn by civilians. Boys, up until the festival of Liberalia, wore the ''toga praetexta'', which was a toga with a crimson or purple border. The ''toga virilis'', (or ''toga pura'') was worn by men over the age of 16 to signify their citizenship in Rome. The ''toga picta'' was worn by triumphant generals and had embroidery of their skill on the battlefield. The ''toga pulla'' was worn when in mourning. Even [[footwear]] indicated a person’s social status. Patricians wore red and orange [[sandal (footwear)|sandals]], senators had brown footwear, consuls had white shoes, and soldiers wore heavy boots. Men typically wore a [[toga]], and women a [[stola]]. The woman's ''stola'' looked different than a toga, and was usually brightly coloured. The Romans also invented socks for those soldiers required to fight on the northern frontiers, sometimes worn in sandals.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/3181443.stm|title=Romans' crimes of fashion revealed|accessdate=2008-06-19|publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref>


Romans had simple food habits. Staple food was simple, generally consumed at around 11 o’clock, and consisted of [[bread]], [[salad]], [[cheese]], [[fruit]]s, [[nut (fruit)|nuts]], and cold meat left over from the dinner the night before. The Roman poet, [[Horace]] mentions another Roman favourite, the [[olive]], in reference to his own diet, which he describes as very simple: "As for me, olives, [[endive]]s, and smooth [[Althaea (genus)|mallows]] provide sustenance."<ref>"Me pascunt olivae, me cichorea levesque malvae." Horace, ''Odes 1.31.15'', ca 30 BC</ref> The family ate together, sitting on [[stool]]s around a [[table (furniture)|table]]. Fingers were used to eat solid foods and [[spoon]]s were used for soups. Wine was considered a staple drink,<ref name="Phillips pg 46-56">Phillips pg 46-56</ref> consumed at all meals and occasions by all classes and was quite cheap. Many types of drinks involving grapes and honey were consumed as well. Drinking on an empty stomach was regarded as boorish and a sure sign for [[alcoholism]], whose debilitating physical and psychological effects were known to the Romans. An accurate accusation of being an alcoholic was an effective way to discredit political rivals.
[[File:The Enemy of My Enemy Textless.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Dalek Time Squad]] working with the [[Eighth Doctor]] on [[Wrax]]. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|The Enemy of My Enemy (audio story)}})]]
The Emperor created a [[Dalek Time Squad|Time Squad]] to investigate the fluctuations in time and rectify them to the Dalek Empire's benefit. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|The Guide to the Dark Times (short story)}}) The Time Squad abducted the [[Eighth Doctor]], ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|He Kills Me, He Kills Me Not (audio story)}}) and convinced him to help them. They travelled back to the Dark Times with him, ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|The Enemy of My Enemy Is My Enemy (short story)}}) where they confronted the Tenth Doctor at [[Mordeela]] alongside a [[Free Undead]] [[coffin ship]] commanded by the [[Ninth Doctor]]. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|The Knight, The Fool and The Dead (novel)}}) The Dalek Time Squad quickly proved the superior force in the [[Battle of Mordeela]] but was unable to destroy the [[HMS Donna|HMS ''Donna'']] as a result of [[Brian (The Guide to the Dark Times)|Brian]] unleashing various ancient weapons on their ship, allowing the Tenth Doctor to escape.


Roman literature was from its very inception influenced heavily by Greek authors. Some of the earliest works we possess are of historical epics telling the early military history of Rome. As the empire expanded, authors began to produce poetry, comedy, history, and tragedy. [[Virgil]] represents the pinnacle of Roman epic poetry. His ''[[Aeneid]]'' tells the story of flight of Aeneas from [[Troy]] and his settlement of the city that would become Rome. [[Lucretius]], in his ''[[On the Nature of Things]]'', attempted to explicate [[science]] in an epic poem. The genre of satire was common in Rome, and satires were written by, among others, [[Satires of Juvenal|Juvenal]]<ref> [[Lucilius]] – the acknowledged originator of Roman Satire in the form practiced by Juvenal - experimented with other meters before settling on dactylic hexameter.</ref> and [[Persius]]. Many Roman homes were decorated with landscapes by Greek artists. Portrait sculpture<ref>{{cite journal |last=Toynbee |first=J. M. C. |year=1971 |month=December |title=Roman Art |journal=The Classical Review |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=439–442 |url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0009-840X%28197112%292%3A21%3A3%3C439%3ARA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-O |accessdate= 2007-12-11 }}</ref> during the period utilized youthful and classical proportions, evolving later into a mixture of realism and idealism. Advancements were also made in relief sculptures, often depicting Roman victories.
Fearing that any remaining Kotturuh would judge the Daleks, [[Dalek scout ship|scout ships]] were sent to exterminate what remained of the aliens. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|All Flesh is Grass (novel)}}) The Daleks began a back-up plan of experimenting on the unique lifeforms of the Dark Times. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Mission to the Known (short story)}}) They harvested [[Velosia]] under the pretence of saving their best and brightest from the oncoming Kotturuh. ([[COMIC]]: {{cs|Tales of the Dark Times (comic story)}}) The Eighth Doctor found himself sidelined, though he was allowed to join their explorations ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|All Flesh is Grass (novel)}}) including of an abandoned spaceship. ([[COMIC]]: {{cs|Tales of the Dark Times (comic story)}}) When the Daleks attacked the Ninth Doctor's coffin ship to capture a Vampire, the Eighth Doctor forewarned the Undead so they could evacuate and then escaped with his future self, leaving his TARDIS behind. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|All Flesh is Grass (novel)}})
[[Image:pompmusic.jpg|thumb|Detail of a mosaic found in Pompeii. The figure on the left is playing the double ''aulos'', double-reed pipes; the figure in the middle, ''cymbalum'', small, bronze cymbals; and on the right, the ''tympanum'', a tambourine-like drum.]]


Music was a major part of everyday life. The word itself derives from [[Greek language|Greek]] ''μουσική'' (''mousike''), "(art) of the [[Muses]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2368891|title=Mousike, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', at Perseus}}</ref> Many private and public events were accompanied by music, ranging from nightly dining to military parades and manoeuvres. In a discussion of any ancient music, however, non-specialists and even many musicians have to be reminded that much of what makes our modern music familiar to us is the result of developments only within the last 1,000 years; thus, our ideas of melody, scales, harmony, and even the instruments we use would not be familiar to Romans who made and listened to music many centuries earlier.
Afterwards the Commander and Executioner received pre-recorded instructions from the Emperor for the event of failing to correct history. He ordered them to destroy [[Gallifrey]], to prevent the rise of the Time Lords. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Mission to the Known (short story)}}) The Strategist was not privy to the new orders, which the Commander and Executioner referred to as "the Ultimate End", and continued experiments with the Scientist in hopes of creating a more biologically efficient form of Dalek, the Symbiont. A scout ship was sent to [[Entranxis]] to pursue a fleeing Vampire, [[Ikalla]], but she escaped with the aid of the three Doctors, so the Daleks set the planet's atmosphere alight with missiles. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|All Flesh is Grass (novel)}})


Over time, Roman architecture was modified as their urban requirements changed, and the [[civil engineering]] and [[building]] [[construction]] [[technology]] became developed and refined. The Roman [[concrete]] has remained a riddle, and even after more than 2,000 years some Roman structures still stand magnificently.<ref>W. L. MacDonald, The Architecture of the Roman Empire, rev. ed. Yale University Press, New Haven, 1982, fig. 131B; Lechtman and Hobbs "Roman Concrete and the Roman Architectural Revolution"</ref> The architectural style of the capital city was emulated by other urban centres under Roman control and influence.
The Daleks captured a [[Great Vampire]] from a coffin ship and used its DNA to engineer the Symbiont, an undying form of [[Dalek mutant]]. The Tenth and Eighth Doctors infiltrated the saucer and learnt of the Daleks' plans before fleeing. The Commander revealed the new orders to the Strategist, claiming a power drain his experiment had caused had jeopardised it. Realising that Gallifrey would now be defended by the Doctors, the Strategist ordered the Drones be enhanced with Symbiont DNA whilst the original was sent to [[Birinji]] to kill the last of the Kotturuh, [[Inyit]]. The hybrid Drones were deployed against Gallifrey, managing to quickly overwhelm the HMS ''Donna'' and three coffin ships [[Defence of Gallifrey|defending]] the planet however perished when Inyit used her final judgement to give the original of their number a short lifespan. Fearing that this judgement would spread to pure Dalek DNA, the Daleks panicked and retreated to their saucer, despite the Strategist's desire to press the attack. This enabled the Eighth Doctor to board their craft and detonate an explosive, forcing the saucer into the [[Time Vortex]]. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|All Flesh is Grass (novel)}})


===Education===
The Eighth Doctor managed to destroy the saucer while inside the Vortex, as the Time Squad descended into infighting. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Mutually Assured Destruction (audio story)}}) The drone who unknowingly enacted the [[bootstrap paradox]] survived ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|The Last Message (short story)}}) and attempted to raise its own army on the ''[[Starship Future]]'' only to be defeated by the [[Fourth Doctor]]. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Genetics of the Daleks (audio story)}}) The Dalek Prime Strategist also survived, observing other Daleks being torn apart by [[time wind]]s. He escaped via an emergency [[temporal shift]], powered using [[Kotturuh crystal]]s he'd stored in his casing.
{{main|Roman school}}
Following various military conquests in the [[Greek East]], Romans adapted a number of Greek educational precepts to their own fledgling system.<ref name="Legacy">The Legacy of Roman Education (in the Forum), Nanette R. Pacal, The Classical Journal, Vol. 79, No. 4. (Apr. – May, 1984)</ref> Home was often the learning centre, where children were taught [[Roman law]], [[convention (norm)|customs]], and physical training to prepare the boys to grow as Roman citizens and for eventual [[recruitment]] into the [[army]]. Conforming to discipline was a point of great emphasis. Girls generally received instruction<ref name = "Ox"/> from their mothers in the art of [[Spinning (textiles)|spinning]], [[weaving]] ,and [[sewing]].


Education began at the age of around six, and in the next six to seven years, boys and girls were expected to learn the basics of [[Reading (activity)|reading]], [[writing]] and [[counting]]. By the age of twelve, they would be learning [[Latin]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[grammar]] and [[literature]], followed by training for [[public speaking]]. [[Oratory]] was an art to be practised and learnt, and good orators commanded respect. To become an effective orator was one of the objectives of [[education]] and [[learning]]. In some cases, services of gifted slaves were utilized for imparting education.<ref name="Ox">Oxford Classical Dictionary, Edited by Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth, Third Edition. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1996</ref>
After the crisis grew to a close, the Strategist believed that the Daleks of the Restoration Empire would ultimately head into the War with the Time Lords, though with him now seriously considering the option of overthrowing the Emperor and overseeing the War himself. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Exit Strategy (short story)}})


==Economy==
=== Second Great Dalek Occupation ===
{{main|Roman currency|Roman provincial coins}}
{{Main|Second Great Dalek Occupation}}
The imperial government was, as all governments, interested in the issue and control of the currency in circulation. To mint coins was a political act: the image of the ruling emperor appeared on most issues, and coins were a means of showing his image throughout the empire. Also featured were predecessors, empresses, other family members, and [[Heir apparent|heirs apparent]]. By issuing coins with the image of an heir his legitimacy and future succession was proclaimed and reinforced. Political messages and imperial propaganda such as proclamations of victory and acknowledgements of loyalty also appeared in certain issues.
{{Main|Enemy-Alliance Dalek War}}
The Daleks proceeded on a grand effort to create a permanent base of operations. A [[Dalek Supreme (The Genocide Machine)|Dalek Supreme]] led an effort to seize knowledge from the library of [[Kar-Charrat]], though the interference of the [[Seventh Doctor]] and [[Ace]] denied them all the information. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|The Genocide Machine (audio story)}}) The [[Emperor of the Restoration|Emperor who had succeeded Davros]] subsequently masterminded the [[Etra Prime incident]]; ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)}}) an ambitious gambit in which the Daleks refined and unleashed the [[Apocalypse Element]] to ignite the entire [[Seriphia Galaxy]] and then invaded [[Gallifrey]] to use the [[Eye of Harmony]] to contain the destruction until Seriphia was annihilated and then reborn as a thousands of virgin worlds, which the Dalek Empire was poised to seize. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|The Apocalypse Element (audio story)}}) The Emperor later led a fleet into the [[Time Vortex]] to exploit a temporal fissure to remake history to the Daleks' design by deploying a [[Temporal Extinction Device]] in the fissure. The detonation went wrong, leading to a sequence of events which became a [[time loop]] in which Daleks attempted rescue by remaking the device and attempting the detonation again. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|The Time of the Daleks (audio story)}}) Eventually, the Emperor would be forced to petition the [[Time Lord]]s to release them. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Neverland (audio story)}})


Legally only the emperor and the Senate had the authority to mint coins inside the empire <ref>[http://www.usask.ca/antiquities/coins/roman_coins.html]</ref>. However the authority of the Senate was mainly in name only. In general, the imperial government issued gold and silver coins while the Senate issued bronze coins marked by the legend '''''"SC"''''', short for ''Senatus Consulto'' "by decree of the Senate". However, bronze coinage could be struck without this legend. Some Greek cities were allowed to mint <ref>[http://dougsmith.ancients.info/begin4.html]</ref> bronze and certain silver coins, which today are known as ''Greek Imperials'' (also ''Roman Colonials'' or ''Roman Provincials''). The imperial mints were under the control of a chief financial minister, and the provincial mints were under the control of the imperial provincial procurators. The Senatorial mints were governed by officials of the Senatorial treasury.
From their base in Seriphia, the Daleks staged a major invasion of the [[Mutter's Spiral]], beginning in the [[Vega System|Vega system]], ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Invasion of the Daleks (audio story)}}) which became known as the [[Second Great Dalek Occupation]]. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Return of the Daleks (audio story)}})


==History==
[[File:Second Great Dalek Occupation.jpg|thumb|right|Daleks attacking during the [[Second Great Dalek Occupation]]. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Project Infinity (audio story)}})]]
{{main|History of the Roman Empire|Roman Emperor|List of Roman Emperors}}
The Daleks fought against the [[Earth Alliance]] for years, eventually occupying most of the galaxy. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|"Death to the Daleks!" (audio story)}}) During this time the Emperor and [[Dalek Supreme (Invasion of the Daleks)|Supreme]] used [[Susan Mendes]] as the "Angel of Mercy" to improve slave efficiency by giving them hope and allowed her to be accompanied by Knight of Velyshaa [[Kalendorf]]. Secretly, the pair were using Kalendorf's telepathy to sow the seeds of rebellion in every slave they encountered, ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|The Human Factor (audio story)}}) though the Dalek Emperor was actually aware of this plan and let it continue. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|The Fearless: Part 4 (audio story)}}) After the fall of Earth, Susan was ordered to make a victory broadcast across the entire Dalek Empire, in which she chose to utter the trigger phrase, "Death to the Daleks!", provoking rebellion through the Empire. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|"Death to the Daleks!" (audio story)}}) This forced the Daleks into retreat, enabling the Alliance to reorganise. Three months after the rebellion, the Daleks took over [[Project Infinity]], which they'd used the rebellion as cover to reach, and the Emperor used it to make contact with [[Alliance Dalek|Daleks]] of a [[The Mentor's universe|parallel universe]], who had conquered their universe. The parallel Daleks were horrified at their counterparts' actions and declared [[Enemy-Alliance Dalek War|war]], ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Project Infinity (audio story)}}) allying with the Earth Alliance. The Emperor was forced to retreat into Susan Mendes' mind to escape them, leaving the Supreme as the leader of the Dalek Empire.
===Augustus (27 BC&ndash;AD 14)===
{{See|Praetorian Guard|Roman triumph|Battle of the Teutoburg Forest|Arminius|Publius Quinctilius Varus}}
[[Image:Castro, Battle of Actium.jpg|left|thumb|181px|''The Battle of Actium'', by Lorenzo A. Castro, 1672.]]
The [[Battle of Actium]] resulted in the defeat and subsequent suicides of [[Mark Antony]] and [[Cleopatra VII of Egypt|Cleopatra]]. Octavian, now sole ruler of Rome, began a full-scale reformation of military, fiscal and political matters. The powers that he secured for himself were identical in form, if not in name, to those that his predecessor [[Julius Caesar]] had secured years earlier as '''[[Roman Dictator]]'''. In 36 BC, he was given the power of a '''[[Plebeian Tribune]]''', which gave him veto power over the senate, the ability to control the principle legislative assembly (the '''[[Plebeian Council]]'''), and made his person and office sacrosanct. Up until 32 BC, his status as a '''[[Triumvir]]''' gave him the powers of an autocrat, but when he deposed Mark Antony that year, he resigned from the [[Second Triumvirate|Triumvirate]], and was then given powers identical to those that he had given up. In 29 BC, Octavian was given the authority of a [[Roman Censor]], and thus the power to appoint new senators.<ref name="Abbott, 267">Abbott, 267</ref>


The senate granted Octavian a unique grade of [[Proconsul]]ar ''imperium'', which gave him authority over all Proconsuls (military governors).<ref name="Abbott, 269">Abbott, 269</ref> The unruly provinces at the borders, where the vast majority of the legions were stationed, were under the control of Augustus. These provinces were classified as [[imperial provinces]]. The peaceful [[senatorial provinces]] were under the control of the Senate. The Roman legions, which had reached an unprecedented number (around 50) because of the civil wars, were reduced to 28. Augustus also created nine special [[Cohort (military unit)|cohorts]], ostensibly to maintain the peace in Italy, keeping at least three of them stationed at Rome. These cohorts became known as the [[Praetorian Guard]]. In 27 BC, Octavian transferred control of the state back to the [[spqr|Senate and the People of Rome]].<ref name="Abbott, 267">Abbott, 267</ref> The Senate refused the offer, which, in effect, functioned as a popular ratification of his position within the state. Octavian was also granted the title of "Augustus" by the senate,<ref name="Abbott, 268">Abbott, 268</ref> and took the title of ''[[Princeps]]'', or "first citizen".<ref name="Abbott, 269">Abbott, 269</ref> 
Over the course of six years, the Earth Alliance and "Alliance Daleks" pushed the Dalek Empire back, reducing it's presence in Mutter's Spiral to just Earth's solar system. Commander Kalendorf turned against the Alliance Daleks and negotiated a truce with the Dalek Empire, arranging the retrieval of Susan in return so the Daleks could extract the Emperor. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Dalek War: Chapter One (audio story)}}, {{cs|Dalek War: Chapter Two (audio story)}}, {{cs|Dalek War: Chapter Three (audio story)}}) Together the Dalek Empire and Earth Alliance fought the Alliance Daleks for many years, with the Alliance Daleks ultimately retreating after their leader, the Mentor, judged that continuing the war was likely to result in all life in the galaxy being wiped out. Whilst the fragile truce still held, Kalendorf travelled to Dalek-occupied Earth to meet the Emperor, who had taken full possession of Susan's body. He used telepathic programming he'd implanted in Susan before surrendering her to trigger the [[Great Catastrophe (The Exterminators)|Great Catastrophe]], ordering every piece of Dalek technology to self-destruct. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Dalek War: Chapter Four (audio story)}})


As the adopted heir of Caesar, Augustus preferred to be called by this name. ''Caesar'' was a component of his family name. Julio-Claudian rule lasted for almost a century (from Julius Caesar in the mid-1st century BC to the emperor [[Nero]] in the mid-1st century AD). By the time of the Flavian Dynasty, and the reign of [[Vespasian]], and that of his two sons, [[Titus]] and [[Domitian]], the term ''Caesar'' had evolved, almost ''de facto'', from a family name into a formal title.
The Dalek Empire was nearly wiped out, however one outpost in Seriphia managed to contain the destructive impulse into a single drone. The drone also absorbed the minds of the Emperor and Susan, so was declared the new Dalek Supreme of what remained of the Dalek Empire. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|The Demons (audio story)}}) Approximately two thousand years later, this Supreme led the Daleks in occupying the [[Border Worlds]], using the guise of treating the [[NFS plague]] which the Daleks had actually created, to re-establish the Dalek Empire. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|The Exterminators (audio story)}}, {{cs|The Healers (audio story)}}, {{cs|The Survivors (audio story)}}, {{cs|The Demons (audio story)}}, {{cs|The Warriors (audio story)}}, {{cs|The Future (audio story)}}) The Daleks entered a cold war with the [[Galactic Union]]. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Mutually Assured Survival (short story)}})


Augustus' final goal was to figure out a method to ensure an orderly succession. In 6 BC Augustus granted tribunician powers to his stepson [[Tiberius]],<ref name="Abbott, 272">Abbott, 272</ref> and before long Augustus realized that he had no choice but to recognize Tiberius as his heir. In 13 AD, the point was settled beyond question. A law was passed which linked Augustus' powers over the provinces to those of Tiberius,<ref name="Abbott, 273">Abbott, 273</ref> so that now Tiberius' legal powers were equivalent to, and independent from, those of Augustus.<ref name="Abbott, 273">Abbott, 273</ref> Within a year, Augustus was dead.
=== Lead-up to the Time War ===
Having adopted a [[Bronze Dalek|bronze design]] for drones, the Daleks sponsored [[Free Time]], ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Ascension (Gallifrey audio story)}}) a terrorist organisation which attacked the Time Lords during President [[Romana II|Romana]]'s tenure. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Weapon of Choice (audio story)}}, {{cs|Pandora (audio story)}}, {{cs|Insurgency (audio story)}}, {{cs|Imperiatrix (audio story)}}) After Free Time weakened the Time Lords by unleashing the [[Dogma Virus]], ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Panacea (audio story)}}) the Daleks invaded [[the Axis]] to plunder alternate Gallifreys, including [[Gallifrey (Regenerators' timeline)|one]] that Romana, [[Narvin]] and [[Leela]] from the proper timeline had settled on. The trio managed to close the Axis' portals, denying the Daleks access to anymore timelines and trapping them in any alternate timelines they had entered, and returned to Gallifrey proper. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Extermination (audio story)}}) The [[Supreme Dalek (Ascension)|Supreme Dalek]] then led an [[Dalek invasion of Gallifrey|invasion of Gallifrey]] via [[the Matrix]] with the aid of [[Slyne]], a resident of an alternate Gallifrey who formed an alliance with them, who was sent ahead to prepare for their arrival. Romana was able to trap the Daleks' invasion force in a Matrix projection with the aid of a projection of her [[Romana III|future self]]. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Ascension (Gallifrey audio story)}})


===Tiberius to Alexander Severus (14&ndash;235)===
The [[Second Dalek Empire]] was active during their invasion of [[Querkus]]. They were also at war with [[human]]ity around this time. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Roots of Evil (short story)}})
Augustus was succeeded by his stepson [[Tiberius]], the son of his wife [[Livia]] from her first marriage. Augustus was a scion of the ''[[gens]]'' [[Julius|Julia]] (the Julian family), one of the most ancient [[patrician]] clans of [[ancient Rome|Rome]], while Tiberius was a scion of the ''gens'' [[Claudius (gens)|Claudia]], only slightly less ancient than the Julians. Their three immediate successors were all descended both from the ''gens'' Claudia, through Tiberius's brother [[Nero Claudius Drusus]], and from ''gens'' Julia, either through [[Julia the Elder]], Augustus's daughter from his first marriage ([[Caligula]] and [[Nero]]), or through Augustus's sister [[Octavia Minor]] ([[Claudius]]). Historians thus refer to their dynasty as "[[Julio-Claudian Dynasty]]".
[[Image:Roman Colosseum With Moon.jpg|thumb|Vespasian commissioned the [[Colosseum]] in Rome.]]


The early years of [[Tiberius]]'s reign were peaceful and relatively benign. However, Tiberius's reign soon became characterised by paranoia and slander. He began a series of treason trials and executions, which continued until his death in 37. The logical successor to the hated Tiberius was his grandnephew, Gaius (better known as "Caligula" or "little boots"). [[Caligula]] started out well, but quickly became insane. In 41 Caligula was assassinated, and for two days following his assassination, the senate debated the merits of restoring the republic.<ref name="Abbott, 293">Abbott, 293</ref> Due to the demands of the army, however, [[Claudius]] was ultimately declared emperor. Claudius was neither paranoid like his uncle Tiberius, nor insane like his nephew [[Caligula]], and was therefore able to administer the empire with reasonable ability. In his own family life he was less successful, as he married his niece, who may very well have poisoned him in 54. [[Nero]], who succeeded Claudius, focused much of his attention on diplomacy, trade, and increasing the cultural capital of the empire. Nero, though, is remembered as a tyrant, and committed suicide in 68.
Dalek saucer [[X-K Beta-19]] invaded the planet [[Galacton]] to energise its core to create fuel for the [[Seventh Fleet]]. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Mission to Galacton (short story)}}) During the [[Battle of Magella]], the [[Seventh Incursion Squad]] under a [[Dalek Sec|Dalek Commander]] wiped out the last of the Mechanoids, ending the long running [[Dalek-Mechanoid War|conflict]] between the Daleks and Mechanoids. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Birth of a Legend (short story)}}) Daleks fought [[Krillitane]] rebels on [[Gryphon's Reach]], calling on [[Davros]] for aid. Despite Davros' efforts, the [[Eleventh Doctor]] was able to help the rebels destroy the invaders. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Father of the Daleks (short story)}})


The forced suicide of [[Nero]] was followed by a brief period of civil war, known as the "[[Year of the Four Emperors]]". Augustus had established a standing army, where individual soldiers served under the same military governors over an extended period of time. The consequence was that the soldiers in the provinces developed a degree of loyalty to their commanders, which they did not have for the emperor. Thus the empire was, in a sense, a union of inchoate principalities, which could have disintegrated at any time.<ref name="Abbott, 296">Abbott, 296</ref> Between June 68 and December 69, [[Ancient Rome|Rome]] witnessed the successive rise and fall of [[Galba]], [[Otho]] and [[Vitellius]] until the final accession of [[Vespasian]], first ruler of the [[Flavian dynasty]]. These events showed that any successful general could legitimately claim a right to the throne.<ref name="Abbott, 298">Abbott, 298</ref> 
The Daleks targeted potential allies of the Time Lords, the [[Temporal Powers]], including the [[Warpsmith|Warpwrights]] of [[Phaidon]]. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|The First Days of Phaidon (audio story)}}) After the [[destruction of Phaidon]], Time Lord President [[Thirteenth Livia Caralis|Livia]] officialy declared war on the Dalek Empire. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Celestial Intervention (audio story)}})


[[Vespasian]], though a successful emperor, continued the weakening of the Senate which had been going on since the reign of Tiberius. Through this sound fiscal policy, he was able to build up a surplus in the treasury, and began construction on the [[Colosseum]]. [[Titus]], Vespasian's successor, quickly proved his merit, although his short reign was marked by disaster, including the eruption of Mount [[Vesuvius]] in [[Pompeii]]. He held the opening ceremonies in the still unfinished Colesseum, but died in 81. He was succeeded by his brother, [[Domitian]], who had exceedingly poor relations with the senate. Domitian, ultimately, was a tyrant with the character which always makes tyranny repulsive,<ref name="Abbott, 312">Abbott, 312</ref> and this derived in part from the fact that he had no son, and thus was constantly in danger of being overthrown.<ref name="Abbott, 312">Abbott, 312</ref> In September of 96, he was murdered.
=== Last Great Time War and destruction ===
[[Image:RomanEmpire 117.svg|thumb|left|350px|Roman Empire in 117 AD]]
{{Main|Last Great Time War}}
[[File:Dalek Emperor briefing.jpg|thumb|left|The Emperor briefs his commanders. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)}})]]
The Daleks, under leadership of the [[Dalek Emperor in the Last Great Time War|Dalek Emperor]], ([[TV]]: {{cs|The Parting of the Ways (TV story)}}) disappeared from normal space during the [[Tenth Dalek Occupation]], ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|A Brief History of Time Lords (novel)}}) into the [[Time Vortex]] where they constructed a fleet, ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)}}) with which to wage war against the [[Time Lord]]s in the [[Last Great Time War]]. ([[TV]]: {{cs|Dalek (TV story)}}) After being asked to help, [[Davros]] joined their effort, ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Father of the Daleks (short story)}}) until he was lost to the [[Nightmare Child]] at the [[Gates of Elysium]]. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|The Third Wise Man (short story)}}) The Daleks' temporal strategies were guided by the [[Dalek Time Strategist (The Shadow Vortex)|Dalek Time Strategist]], ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Desperate Measures (audio story)}}) whose place at the Emperor's side was coveted by other Dalek leaders such as the [[Red Fleet Commander|Commander]] of the [[Red Fleet]]. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Temmosus (audio story)}}) Multiple Dalek Supremes also served in the Time War. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Desperate Measures (audio story)}}, {{cs|Dissolution (audio story)}}, {{cs|Homecoming (audio story)}}, {{cs|Saviour (audio story)}}, {{cs|A Genius for War (audio story)}}, [[COMIC]]: {{cs|Ambush (comic story)}})


The next century came to be known as the period of the "[[Five Good Emperors]]", in which the successions were peaceful and the Empire was prosperous. Each emperor of this period was adopted by his predecessor. The last 2 of the "Five Good Emperors" and Commodus are also called [[Antonines]]. After his accession, [[Nerva]], who succeeded Domitian, set a new tone: he restored much confiscated property and involved the Roman Senate in his rule. In 112, Trajan marched on [[Armenia]] and annexed it to the Roman Empire. Then he turned south into [[Parthia]], taking several cities before declaring [[Mesopotamia]] a new province of the empire, and lamenting that he was too old to follow in the steps of [[Alexander the Great]]. During his rule, the Roman Empire was to its largest extent, and would never again advance so far to the east. [[Hadrian]]'s reign was marked by a general lack of major military conflicts, but he had to defend the vast territories that Trajan had acquired. [[Antoninus Pius]]'s reign was comparatively peaceful. During the reign of Marcus Aurelius, Germanic tribes launched many raids along the northern border. The period of the "Five Good Emperors" was brought to an end by the reign of [[Commodus]]. Commodus was the son of Marcus Aurelius, breaking the scheme of adoptive successors that had turned out so well. Commodus became paranoid and slipped into insanity before being murdered in 192.
In the early days of the War, the Daleks sought means to invade Gallifrey. They investigated the rift at the heart of [[the Obscura]], unaware they had been lured there as part of a trap designed by [[Irving Braxiatel]], ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Soldier Obscura (audio story)}}) and [[Invasion of the Kaiphos Occlusion|invaded]] the pocket dimension containing [[Project Revenant]]. The invasion was successful however the [[Celestial Intervention Agency]] arranged the facility's destruction before the Daleks took control, resulting in the pocket dimension collapsing. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Desperate Measures (audio story)}}) Other early battlefronts included the [[Spiral Furl]], ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|The Third Wise Man (short story)}}) [[Keetol]], where the Time Lords won though their victory was later negated by the [[War Master]]'s use of the [[Heavenly Paradigm]], ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|The Heavenly Paradigm (audio story)}}) [[Seramiphius V]], where the rival forces [[Battle of Seramiphius V|clashed]] in space, ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)}}) [[Seriphia Galaxy|Seriphia]], which the Time Lords [[Assault on Seriphia|assaulted]] with [[time dreadnought]]s, ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Hostiles (audio story)}}) and [[Saracassar]] which the Daleks [[Siege of Saracassar|successfully besieged]]. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|The Scaramancer (audio story)}})


The [[Severan Dynasty]], which lasted from 193 until 235, included several increasingly troubled reigns. A generally successful ruler, Septimius Severus, the first of the dynasty, cultivated the [[Roman army|army]]'s support and substituted equestrian officers for senators in key administrative positions. His son, [[Caracalla]], extended full Roman citizenship to all free inhabitants of the empire. Increasingly unstable and autocratic, Caracalla was assassinated by [[Macrinus]], who succeeded him, before being assassinated and succeeded by [[Elagabalus]]. [[Alexander Severus]], the last of the dynasty, was increasing unable to control the army, and was assassinated in 235. His death marked the end of the [[Pax Romana]], or "Roman Peace".
The Time War raged, in a linear sense, for four centuries, but its temporal fighting actually meant the War was fought for all of eternity, enduring for so long that the Empire's ideals of racial purity eventually became diluted, as did the notion of absolute conformity. Groups such as the [[Eternity Circle]], ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Engines of War (novel)}}) the [[Cult of Skaro]], ([[TV]]: {{cs|Doomsday (TV story)}}) and the [[Volatix Cabal]] were created with the capacity for independent thought so as to match the imagination of the Time Lords. ([[COMIC]]: {{cs|Downtime (comic story)}}) To boost their overworked army, the Dalek Empire began converting conquered [[Dalek of human origin|humans into Daleks]] and harvested versions of themselves from alternate realities to use as shock troopers, creating the [[Skaro Degradations]]. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Engines of War (novel)}}) Hybrid Daleks were also created for use as [[Dalek Hunter-Killer|Hunter-Killers]]. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|The Mission (audio story)}}) The Daleks were also known to conscript soldiers from species they'd enslaved, ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Dreadshade (audio story)}}) such as the [[Brancheerian]]s, ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|The Uncertain Shore (audio story)}}) and used [[Dalek harvest ship|harvester ships]] to capture entire planets' populations to turn them into weaponised cyborgs. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Destroyer (audio story)}}, {{cs|Saviour (audio story)}}) The [[Overseer (Planet of the Ogrons)|Overseer]] conducted experiments on [[Ogron]]s on [[the Planet]], however after a rebellion, he was relieved of command with his experiments being halted by other Daleks who deemed them an abomination. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Planet of the Ogrons (audio story)}})


===Crisis of the Third Century and the later emperors (235&ndash;395)===
The Dalek Empire eventually began losing the Time War. After a "spectacular" defeat, the Dalek Time Strategist ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|The Famished Lands (audio story)}}) began researching the [[multiverse]], hoping to find an alternative version of [[Davros]] whom he believed could reinvigorate the Daleks. Following the construction of a [[transdimensional portal]] to access the multiverse, ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Palindrome (audio story)}}) the Dalek base on [[Grahv]] was overwhelmed by [[the Valeyard]] who turned a temporal superweapon against the Daleks, erasing the entirety of their race from N-Space, save the Time Strategist who managed to escape into the multiverse. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|The War Valeyard (audio story)}}) Manipulating a [[Davros (Palindrome)|parallel universe version of Davros]], the Time Strategist used dimensional engineering to restore the Dalek Empire including the Emperor. After a brief schism when the parallel Davros attempted to assert his claim for leadership over the Daleks, the Emperor assumed control of the Empire again and the Time War resumed. Davros was imprisoned on [[Falkus]], ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Palindrome (audio story)}}, {{cs|Restoration of the Daleks (audio story)}}) and later attempted to regain his influence with the Daleks by appealing to the Time Lords for rescue with promise of how to win the War by creating a hybrid creature of both sides. Upon recapturing him however the Dalek Supreme rejected his idea and had him returned to Falkus, which he escaped again after the Doctor triggered the destruction of the moon. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|A Genius for War (audio story)}})
{{main|Crisis of the Third Century|Diocletian|Tetrarchy}}
The [[Crisis of the Third Century]] is a commonly applied name for the crumbling and near collapse of the Roman Empire between 235 and 284. During this time, 25 emperors reigned, and the empire experienced extreme military, political, and economic crises. This period ended with the accession of [[Diocletian]], who reigned from 284 until 305, and who solved many of the acute problems experienced during this crisis. However, the core problems would remain and cause the eventual destruction of the western empire. Diocletian saw the vast empire as ungovernable, and therefore split the empire in half and created two equal emperors to rule under the title of [[Augustus (honorific)|''Augustus'']]. In doing so, he effectively created what would become the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire. In 293 authority was further divided, as each ''Augustus'' took a junior Emperor called a [[Caesar (title)|''Caesar'']] to provide a line of succession. This constituted what is now known as the [[Tetrarchy]] ("rule of four"). The transitions of this period mark the beginnings of [[Late Antiquity]].


The Tetrarchy would effectively collapse with the death of [[Constantius Chlorus]], the first of the [[Constantinian dynasty]], in 306. Constantius's troops immediately proclaimed his son [[Constantine I|Constantine the Great]] as ''Augustus''. A series of civil wars broke, which ended with the entire empire being united under Constantine, who legalised Christianity definitively in 313 through the ''[[Edict of Milan]]''. In 361, after decades of further civil war, [[Julian the Apostate|Julian]] became emperor. His [[edict]] of toleration in 362 ordered the reopening of pagan [[Temple (Roman)|temples]], and, more problematically for the [[Christian Church]], the recalling of previously exiled Christian [[bishop]]s. Julian eventually resumed the war against [[Shapur II]] of Persia, although he received a mortal wound in battle and died in 363. His officers then elected [[Jovian]] emperor. Jovian is remembered for ceding terrorities won from the Persians, dating back to [[Trajan]], and for restoring the privileges of Christianity, before dying in 364.
The Daleks formed an [[Axis of dark powers|axis of alliances]] in the course of their campaign against the Time Lords, including with the [[Vultarans]], ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Lion Hearts (audio story)}}) the [[Morlontoa]], ([[COMIC]]: {{cs|The Clockwise War (comic story)}}) the [[Taalyen]]s, ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|The Thousand Worlds (audio story)}}, {{cs|The Heart of the Battle (audio story)}}) and [[the Enigma]], which briefly wiped out the Time Lords on their behalf until the [[War Doctor]] convinced it not to. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|The Enigma Dimension (audio story)}}) A Dalek ambassador approached the [[Stagnant Protocol]], though in this case the supposed diplomatic agreement was simply a means to enable an invasion. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Unfinished Business (audio story)}}) The Daleks also used human agents, such as crime boss [[Jarred McKenzie]] on [[Unity]], ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Unity (audio story)}}) and [[Lara Zannis]]. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|The Shadow Vortex (audio story)}})
[[File:Venice – The Tetrarchs 03.jpg|thumb|right|upright|''The Tetrarchs'', a [[porphyry (geology)|porphyry]] [[sculpture]] sacked from a [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine]] palace in 1204, Treasury of [[Mark the Evangelist|St Mark's]], [[Venice]]]]


Upon Jovian's death, [[Valentinian I]], the first of the [[Valentinian dynasty]], was elected Augustus, and chose his brother [[Valens]] to serve as his co-emperor. In 365, [[Procopius (usurper)|Procopius]] managed to bribe two [[Roman legion|legions]], who then proclaimed him Augustus. War between the two rival Eastern Roman Emperors continued until Procopius was defeated, although in 367, eight-year-old [[Gratian]] was proclaimed emperor by the other two. In 375 Valentinian I led his army in a campaign against a [[Germanic tribes|Germanic tribe]], but died shortly thereafter. Succession did not go as planned. Gratian was then a 16-year-old and arguably ready to act as Emperor, but the troops proclaimed his infant half-brother emperor under the title [[Valentinian II]], and Gratian acquiesced.
Late in the War, the [[Eternity Circle]] led the occupation of the entire [[Tantalus Spiral]], planning to use the temporal energy from the nearby [[Tantalus Eye]] to create a [[Temporal Cannon]] to remove Gallifrey from history. Discovering their plans after leading a failed Time Lord attack on the region, the War Doctor reported back to President [[Rassilon (The End of Time)|Rassilon]] who ordered the deployment of the [[Tear of Isha]]. In the ensuing [[Battle for the Tantalus Eye]] the War Doctor saw to the failure of the Time Lords' doomsday weapon and also manipulated the Eternity Circle to get him close enough to the Eye that the [[possibility engine]] [[Borusa]] could alter the timelines to remove the Daleks from the Spiral entirely. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Engines of War (novel)}})


Meanwhile, the Eastern Roman Empire faced its own problems with Germanic tribes. One tribe fled their former lands and sought refuge in the Eastern Roman Empire. Valens let them settle on the southern bank of the Danube in 376, but they soon revolted against their Roman hosts. Valens personally led a campaign against them in 378. However this campaign proved disastrous for the Romans. The two armies approached each other near [[Adrianople]], but Valens was apparently overconfident of the numerical superiority of his own forces over the enemy. Valens, eager to have all of the glory for himself, rushed into battle, and on 9 August 378, the [[Battle of Adrianople]] resulted in a crushing defeat for the Romans, and the death of Valens. Contemporary historian [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] estimated that two thirds of the Roman army were lost in the battle. The battle had far-reaching consequences, as veteran soldiers and valuable administrators were among the heavy casualties, which left the Empire with the problem of finding suitable leadership. Gratian was now effectively responsible for the whole of the Empire. He sought however a replacement Augustus for the Eastern Roman Empire, and in 379 choose [[Theodosius I]].
[[File:Fall of Arcadia.jpg|thumb|right|The Daleks [[Fall of Arcadia|invade Arcadia]] on the [[Fall of Gallifrey|last day of the Time War]]. ([[TV]]: {{cs|The Day of the Doctor (TV story)}})]]
The Daleks finally [[Attack upon the Kasterborous constellation|invaded]] [[Kasterborous]], ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Dalek (novelisation)}}) and on the [[Fall of Gallifrey|last day of the Time War]] breached the defences around Gallifrey itself, with the entire might of the Dalek Empire, numbering a "billion billion" units on ten million warships, converging on the planet. Though the Daleks managed to [[Fall of Arcadia|invade]] [[Arcadia (city)|Arcadia]], Gallifrey's second city, they were unable to breach [[the Capitol]]'s defences, instead commencing an [[orbital bombardment]] to destroy Gallifrey. Faced with this onslaught, the War Doctor stole [[the Moment]], seeking to destroy both Time Lords and Daleks, only for the superweapon to have him meet his [[Tenth Doctor|Tenth]] and [[Eleventh Doctor|Eleventh]] selves, with the latter's companion, [[Clara Oswald]], convincing the Doctor to find a better way. Summoning "all thirteen" of his incarnations, [[the Doctor]] utilised [[stasis cube]] technology to move Gallifrey into a [[pocket universe]]. Panicking at the sight of thirteen police boxes, the Daleks increased their firepower with the Dalek Empire ultimately destroying itself in its own crossfire when the planet disappeared. ([[TV]]: {{cs|The Day of the Doctor (TV story)}}) The Emperor recalled this destruction as an "inferno". ([[TV]]: {{cs|The Parting of the Ways (TV story)}})


Theodosius, the founder of the [[Theodosian dynasty]], proclaimed his five year old son [[Arcadius]] an Augustus in 383 in an attempt to secure succession. [[Hispanic]] [[Celt]] general [[Magnus Maximus]], stationed in [[Roman Britain]], was proclaimed Augustus by his troops in 383 and rebelled against Gratian when he invaded [[Gaul]]. Gratian fled, but was assassinated. Following Gratian's death, Maximus had to deal with Valentinian II, at the time only twelve years old, as the senior Augustus. Maximus soon entered negotiations with Valentinian II and Theodosius, attempting to gain their official recognition, although Negotiations were unfruitful. Theodosius campaigned west in 388 and was victorious against Maximus, who was then captured and executed. In 392 [[Valentinian II]] was murdered, and shortly thereafter [[Arbogast (general)|Arbogast]] arranged for the appointment of [[Eugenius]] as emperor. However, the eastern emperor Theodosius I refused to recognise Eugenius as emperor and invaded the West, defeating and killing Arbogast and Eugenius. He thus reunited the entire Roman Empire under his rule. Theodosius was the last Emperor who ruled over the whole Empire. As emperor, he made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire. After his death in 395, he gave the two halves of the Empire to his two sons [[Arcadius]] and [[Honorius (emperor)|Honorius]]. The Roman state would continue to have two different emperors with different seats of power throughout the 5th century, though the Eastern Romans considered themselves Roman in full. The two halves were nominally, culturally and historically, if not politically, the same state.
Unable to retain his memories of the War's true ending, the [[Ninth Doctor]] believed that he had detonated the Moment and destroyed the Dalek Empire. ([[TV]]: {{cs|Dalek (TV story)}})


===Decline of the Western Roman Empire (395&ndash;476)===
=== Remnants ===
{{main|Decline of the Roman Empire|Migration Period}}
There were multiple different instances of Dalek survivors of the Time War: [[Metaltron|a single drone]] which fell through time, landing on Earth in the [[20th century]], ([[TV]]: {{cs|Dalek (TV story)}}) the [[Dalek Emperor in the Last Great Time War|Dalek Emperor]] himself, ([[TV]]: {{cs|The Parting of the Ways (TV story)}}) the four-member [[Cult of Skaro]], in possession of a [[Genesis Ark]] containing millions of trapped drones, ([[TV]]: {{cs|Doomsday (TV story)}}) a group of Daleks in the [[22nd century]], ([[COMIC]]: {{cs|Carnage Zoo (comic story)}}) and the inmates of the [[Dalek Asylum]], a prison planet containing thousands of insane and damaged Daleks. ([[TV]]: {{cs|Asylum of the Daleks (TV story)}})
[[Image:Invasions of the Roman Empire 1.png|left|thumb|250px|[[Barbarian#A functional definition|Barbarian]] invasions of the Roman Empire, showing the Battle of Adrianople.]]
After 395, the emperors in the [[Western Roman Empire]] were usually figureheads, while the actual rulers were military strongmen. The year 476 is generally accepted as the formal end of the Western Roman Empire. That year, Orestes refused the request of Germanic mercenaries in his service for lands in Italy. The dissatisfied mercenaries, led by [[Odoacer]], revolted, and deposed the last western emperor, Romulus Augustus. This event has traditionally been considered the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Odoacer quickly conquered the remaining provinces of Italy, and then sent the Imperial Regalia back to the Eastern Roman Emperor [[Zeno]]. Zeno soon received two deputations. One was from Odoacer, requesting that his control of Italy be formally recognised by the Empire, in which case he would acknowledge Zeno's supremacy. The other deputation was from [[Nepos]], the emperor before Romulus Augustus, asking for support to regain the throne. Zeno granted Odoacer's request. Upon Nepos's death in 480, Zeno claimed Dalmatia for the East. Odoacer attacked Dalmatia, and the ensuing war ended with [[Theodoric the Great]], King of the [[Ostrogoths]], conquering Italy.


The Empire became gradually less Romanised and increasingly Germanic in nature: although the Empire buckled under Visigothic assault, the overthrow of the last Emperor [[Romulus Augustus]] was carried out by federated Germanic troops from within the Roman army rather than by foreign troops. In this sense had Odoacer not renounced the title of Emperor and named himself "King of Italy" instead, the Empire might have continued in name. Its identity, however, was no longer Roman – it was increasingly populated and governed by Germanic peoples long before 476. The Roman people were by the fifth century "''bereft of their military ethos''"<ref>Matyszak, ''The Enemies of Rome'', p. 285</ref> and the Roman army itself a mere supplement to federated troops of Goths, Huns, Franks and others fighting on their behalf. Many theories have been advanced in explanation of the [[decline of the Roman Empire]], and many dates given for its fall, from the onset of its decline in the third century<ref>Goldsworthy, ''In the Name of Rome'', p. 361</ref> to the fall of Constantinople in 1453.<ref>Matyszak, ''The Enemies of Rome'', p. 231</ref> Militarily, however, the Empire finally fell after first being overrun by various non-Roman peoples and then having its heart in Italy seized by Germanic troops in a revolt. The historicity and exact dates are uncertain, and some historians do not consider that the Empire fell at this point. Disagreement persists since the decline of the Empire had been a long and gradual process rather than a single event.
A number of Daleks appeared in another universe, [[New Eden (The Interstellar Convergence)|New Eden]], due to "chronological complications" after the destruction of Gallifrey. The [[Capsuleer|posthuman inhabitants]] of that universe referred to them as "Biomechanoid Combat Units", not knowing their true name, and fought them in a remote area of space. ([[GAME]]: {{cs|The Interstellar Convergence (video game)}})


===Eastern Roman Empire (476&ndash;1453)===
The Doctor would later ponder the possibility that some Daleks had become so scared of multiple incarnations of themself appearing that they'd fled, running away even long after the War had ended. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|The Day of the Doctor (novelisation)}})
{{main|Eastern Roman Empire}}
[[Image:Eastrome480AD.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Eastern Roman Empire and Barbarian Kingdoms in 480]]
As the Western Roman Empire declined during the 5th century, the richer Eastern Roman Empire would be relieved of much destruction, and in the mid 6th century the Eastern Roman Empire (known also as the [[Byzantine Empire]]) under the emperor [[Justinian I]] reconquered [[Italy]] and parts of [[Illyria]] from the [[Ostrogoths]], North Africa from the [[Vandals]], and southern [[Hispania]] from the [[Visigoths]]. The reconquest of southern Hispania was somewhat ephemeral, but North Africa served the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] for another century, parts of Italy for another 5 centuries, and parts Illyria even longer.


Of the many accepted dates for the end of the classical Roman state, the latest is 610. This is when the Emperor [[Heraclius]] made sweeping reforms, forever changing the face of the empire. Greek was readopted as the language of government and Latin influence waned. By 610, the Eastern Roman Empire had come under definite Greek influence, and could be considered to have become what many modern historians now call the [[Byzantine Empire]]; however, the Empire was never called thus by its inhabitants, who used terms such as ''Romania'', ''Basileia Romaion'' or ''Pragmata Romaion'', meaning "Land of the Romans", "Kingdom of the Romans", and who still saw themselves as Romans, and their state as the rightful successor to the ancient empire of Rome. The sack of Constantinople at the hands of the [[Fourth Crusade]] in 1204 is sometimes used to date the end of Eastern Roman Empire: the destruction of Constantinople and most of its ancient treasures, total discontinuity of leadership, and the division of its lands into rival states with a Catholic-controlled "Emperor" in Constantinople itself was a blow from which the Empire never fully recovered. Nevertheless, the [[Byzantines]] continued to call themselves Romans until their fall to [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turks]] in 1453. That year the eastern part of the Roman Empire was ultimately ended by the [[Fall of Constantinople]]. Even though [[Mehmed II]], the conqueror of Constantinople, declared himself the Emperor of the Roman Empire (''Caesar of Rome / Kayser-i Rum'') in 1453, [[Constantine XI]] is usually considered the last Roman Emperor. The Greek ethnic self-descriptive name ''Roman'' survives to this day.
=== Undated events ===
The Daleks [[Dalek invasion of Ercos|occupied]] [[Ercos]] where they tested the [[Dalek driller]], intended for use against Earth. The occupation was overthrown due to the interference of the [[Fourth Doctor]] and [[Sarah Jane Smith]], having been directed to Ercos by the Time Lords. ([[COMIC]]: {{cs|The Dalek Revenge (comic story)}})


==Military history==
The Daleks [[Dalek-Cyber War|fought]] the [[Cybermen]], ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Heliotrope Bouquet (short story)}}, {{cs|Ghost in the Machine (short story)}}) deeming them an "inferior species". ([[TV]]: {{cs|Doomsday (TV story)}}) At one point [[Silver Dalek]]s destroyed [[Cyber-Command]] on [[New Mondas]] by intercepting a shipment of converts and implanting [[Oblivion Continuum]]s inside them, which detonated upon the new Cybermen being presented to the [[Cyber-Controller (Cyber Crisis)|Cyber-Controller]]. ([[COMIC]]: {{cs|Cyber Crisis (comic story)}})
{{main|Campaign history of the Roman military}}
===Principate (27 BC–AD 235)===


{{campaignbox Roman conquest of Britain}}
The Dalek Empire made a [[Act of Master Restitution|diplomatic agreement]] with the Time Lords during President [[Romana II|Romana]]'s tenure. As part of the agreement, ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Lungbarrow (novel)}}, {{cs|Meet the Doctor (DWAN 2006 short story)}}) {{Tipple}} was [[The Master's trial (Doctor Who)|tried]] on [[Skaro]] in the presence of the [[Dalek Emperor (The Novel of the Film)|Dalek Emperor]] ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|The Novel of the Film (novelisation)}}) by the whole [[Parliament of the Daleks]], ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|The Runes of Fenric (short story)}}, {{cs|Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)}}) with the [[Dalek Time Controller|Dalek Litigator]] prosecuting. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Vengeance (audio story)}}) After the Master's execution, the [[Seventh Doctor]] recovered his remains to take back to Gallifrey, ([[TV]]: {{cs|Doctor Who (TV story)}}) having been allowed safe passage under the terms of the agreement. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Lungbarrow (novel)}})
{{Campaignbox Boudica's Uprising}}
{{Campaignbox Germanic Wars}}
{{Campaignbox Dacian Wars}}
{{Campaignbox Armenian Wars}}


Between the reigns of the emperors [[Augustus]] and [[Trajan]], the Roman Empire achieved great territorial gains in both the East and the West. In the West, following several defeats in 16 BC,<ref name="nameOfRomeP244">Goldsworthy, ''In the Name of Rome'', p. 244</ref> Roman armies pushed north and east out of Gaul to subdue much of Germania. Despite the loss of a large army almost to the man in [[Publius Quinctilius Varus|Varus]]' famous defeat in the [[Battle of the Teutoburg Forest]] in AD 9,<ref>Goldsworthy, ''In the Name of Rome'', p. 245</ref><ref>Matyszak, ''The Enemies of Rome'', p. 159</ref><ref>Clunn, ''In Quest of the Lost Legions'', p. xv</ref> Rome recovered and continued its expansion up to and beyond the borders of the known world. The Romans [[Roman conquest of Britain|invaded Britain]] in 43 AD,<ref name="englishspeakingP4">Churchill, ''A History of the English Speaking Peoples'', p. 4</ref> forcing their way inland,<ref>Churchill, ''A History of the English-Speaking Peoples'', p. 5</ref> and building two military bases to protect against rebellion and incursions from the north, from which Roman troops built and manned [[Hadrian's Wall]].<ref>Churchill, ''A History of the English-Speaking Peoples'', p. 10</ref> Emperor [[Claudius]] ordered the suspension of further attacks across the Rhine,<ref name="nameOfRomeP269">Goldsworthy, ''In the Name of Rome'', p. 269</ref> setting what was to become the permanent limit of the Empire's expansion in this direction.<ref name="luttwakP38">Luttwak, ''The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire'', p. 38</ref> Further east, [[Trajan]] turned his attention to [[Dacia]].<ref>Goldsworthy, ''In the Name of Rome'', p. 322</ref><ref>Matyszak, ''The Enemies of Rome'', p. 213</ref><ref>Matyszak, ''The Enemies of Rome'', p. 215</ref> Following an uncertain number of battles, Trajan marched into Dacia,<ref>Matyszak, ''The Enemies of Rome'', p. 222</ref> besieged the Dacian capital and razed it to the ground.<ref>Matyszak, ''The Enemies of Rome'', p. 223</ref> With Dacia quelled, Trajan subsequently [[Roman-Parthian Wars#Roman Empire vs Parthia|invaded the Parthian empire]] to the east, his conquests taking the Roman Empire to its greatest extent.
The Daleks fought [[Mechanoid]]s guarding an abandoned colony on [[Hesperus (planet)|Hesperus]]. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|War of the Daleks (novel)}})


{{Campaignbox Year of the Four Emperors}}
The Daleks invaded [[Tuvalu]] but were thwarted by the [[Eighth Doctor]] and [[Sam Jones]]. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Unnatural History (novel)}})


In 69 AD, [[Marcus Salvius Otho]] had the Emperor [[Galba]] murdered<ref>Tacitus, ''The Histories'', Book 1, ch. 41</ref><ref>Plutarch, ''Lives'', Galba</ref> and claimed the throne for himself,<ref name="luttwakP51">Luttwak, ''The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire'', p. 51</ref><ref name="classicalworldP542">Lane Fox, ''The Classical World'', p. 542</ref> but [[Vitellius]] had also claimed the throne.<ref>Tacitus, ''The Histories'', Book 1, ch. 57</ref><ref name="livesotho">Plutarch, ''Lives'', Otho</ref> Otho left Rome, and met Vitellius at the [[First Battle of Bedriacum]],<ref name="grandstrategyP52">Luttwak, ''The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire'', p. 52</ref> after which the Othonian troops fled back to their camp,<ref>Tacitus, ''The Histories'', Book 1, ch. 44</ref> and the next day surrendered to the Vitellian forces.<ref>Tacitus, ''The Histories'', Book 1, ch. 49</ref> Meanwhile, the forces stationed in the Middle East provinces of [[Iudaea Province|Judaea]] and [[Syria (Roman province)|Syria]] had acclaimed [[Vespasian]] as emperor.<ref name="grandstrategyP52"/> Vespasians' and Vitellius' armies met in the [[Second Battle of Bedriacum]],<ref name="grandstrategyP52"/><ref>Tactitus, ''The Histories'', Book 3, ch. 18</ref> after which the Vitellian troops were driven back into their camp.<ref>Tactitus, ''The Histories'', Book 3, ch. 25</ref> Vespasian, having successfully ended the civil war, was declared emperor.
The Daleks invaded the home planet of the [[Anthaurk]], forcing them to move to the [[Minerva system]]. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|The Fall of Yquatine (novel)}})


{{Campaignbox Jewish-Roman wars}}
Seeking [[Irving Braxiatel]]'s [[Irving Braxiatel's TARDIS|timeship]], time-travelling Daleks sponsored the [[Fifth Axis]]'s second campaign in the [[27th century]], during which they occupied the [[Braxiatel Collection]]. Their trap failed however when [[Bernice Summerfield]] and Braxiatel tricked the Axis into fighting against them. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Death and the Daleks (audio story)}})
{{Campaignbox First Jewish-Roman War}}
The first Jewish-Roman War, sometimes called The Great Revolt, was the first of three major rebellions by the Jews of Judaea Province against the Roman Empire.<ref name="nameOfRomeP294">Goldsworthy, ''In the Name of Rome'', p. 294</ref> Earlier Jewish successes against Rome only attracted greater attention from Emperor Nero, who appointed general Vespasian to crush the rebellion. By the year 68, Jewish resistance in the North had been crushed.<ref>Santosuosso, ''Storming the Heavens'', p. 146</ref><ref>Luttwak, ''The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire'', p. 3</ref> In 115, revolt broke out again in the province, leading to the second Jewish-Roman war known as the [[Kitos War]], and again in 132 in what is known as [[Bar Kokhba's revolt]]. Both were brutally crushed.


{{Campaignbox Roman-Parthian Wars}}
Whilst in the midst of fighting an enemy, whom the [[Eighth Doctor]] speculated could be [[Movellan]]s, [[Mechanoid]]s or [[Imperial-Renegade Dalek Civil War|other Daleks]], the Daleks learnt of the work of Professor [[Martez]] on [[Red Rocket Rising]] to create new [[Mutant Dalek]]s. Deeming them impure, the Daleks sought to destroy them first by redirecting an asteroid at the human colony and then by infiltrating it in the guise of lending assistance after the disaster. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Blood of the Daleks (audio story)}})
Due in large part to their employment of powerful heavy cavalry and mobile horse-archers, the [[Parthian Empire]] was the most formidable enemy of the Roman Empire in the east. Trajan had campaigned against the Parthians and briefly captured their capital, putting a puppet ruler on the throne, but the territories were abandoned. A revitalised Parthian Empire renewed its assault in 161, and defeated two Roman armies. General [[Gaius Avidius Cassius]] was sent in 162 to counter the resurgent Parthia. The Parthian city of Seleucia on the Tigris was destroyed, and the Parthians made peace but were forced to cede western Mesopotamia to the Romans.<ref name="historyP273">Grant, ''The History of Rome'', p. 273</ref> In 197, Emperor [[Septimius Severus]] waged a brief and successful war against the Parthian Empire, during which time the Parthian capital was sacked, and the northern half of Mesopotamia was restored to Rome. Emperor [[Caracalla]] marched on Parthia in 217 from Edessa to begin a war against them, but he was assassinated while on the march.<ref name="historyP279">Grant, ''The History of Rome'', p. 279</ref> In 224, the Parthian Empire was crushed not by the Romans but by the rebellious Persian vassal king Ardashir, who revolted, leading to the establishment of [[Sassanid Empire]] of Persia, which replaced Parthia as Rome's major rival in the East.


=== Dominate (235–395) ===
A Dalek timeship travelled back in time to [[2025]], with its crew of [[Grey Dalek]]s seeking to destroy humanity by forcing [[the Moon]] out of orbit. They were foiled by the interference of the [[Fourth Doctor]] and [[Leela]]. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Energy of the Daleks (audio story)}})
{{Campaignbox Rome against the Alamanni}}
{{Campaignbox Gothic Migration}}
{{Campaignbox Frankish Migration}}
{{Campaignbox Early Vandal Migration}}
Although the exact historicity is unclear, some mix of Germanic peoples, Celts, and tribes of mixed Celto-Germanic ethnicity were settled in the lands of Germania from the first century onwards. The essential problem of large tribal groups on the frontier remained much the same as the situation Rome faced in earlier centuries, the third century saw a marked increase in the overall threat.<ref>Luttwak, ''The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire'', p. 146</ref><ref>Grant, ''The History of Rome'', p. 282</ref> The assembled warbands of the Alamanni frequently crossed the border, attacking Germania Superior such that they were almost continually engaged in conflicts with the Roman Empire. However, their first major assault deep into Roman territory didn't come until 268. In that year the Romans were forced to denude much of their German frontier of troops in response to a massive invasion by another new Germanic tribal confederacy, the [[Goths]], from the east. The pressure of tribal groups pushing into the Empire was the end result of a chain of migrations with its roots far to the east.<ref>Gibbon, ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', p. 624</ref> The Alamanni seized the opportunity to launch a major invasion of Gaul and northern Italy. However, the Visigoths were defeated in battle that summer and then routed in the [[Battle of Naissus]].<ref name="historyP285">Grant, ''The History of Rome'', p. 285</ref> The Goths remained a major threat to the Empire but directed their attacks away from Italy itself for several years after their defeat.
[[Image:Alemanni expansion.png|left|thumb|305px|Area settled by the Alamanni, and sites of Roman-Alamannic battles, 3rd to 6th century]]


The Alamanni on the other hand resumed their drive towards Italy almost immediately. They defeated [[Aurelian]] at the [[Battle of Placentia]] in 271 but were beaten back for a short time, only to reemerge fifty years later. In 378 the [[Goths]] inflicted a crushing defeat on the Eastern Empire at the [[Battle of Adrianople]].<ref>Ammianus Marcellinus, ''Historiae'', book 31.</ref><ref>Jordanes, ''The Origins and Deeds of the Goths'', 138.</ref> At the same time, [[Franks]] raided through the North Sea and the [[English Channel]],<ref>Grant, ''The History of Rome'', p. 284</ref> [[Vandals]] pressed across the Rhine, [[Iuthungi]] against the Danube, [[Iazyges]], [[Carpians|Carpi]] and [[Taifali]] harassed Dacia, and [[Gepids]] joined the Goths and Heruli in attacks round the Black Sea.<ref name="grandStrategyP149">Luttwak, ''The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire'', p. 149</ref> At the start of the fifth century AD, the pressure on Rome's western borders was growing intense.
A group of Daleks attempted to extract the Earth's [[Telluric energy]] in [[Cornwall]] in [[1963]], [[Robomen|robotising]] the locals to mine a node of the energy. Their plan was disrupted by the Eighth Doctor who rallied the sentience of the energy, [[the Bocca]], to resist the extraction after his companion Charley had damaged their saucer's engines, resulting in the ship's destruction. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|The Stuff of Legend (audio story)}})


{{Campaignbox Crisis of the Third Century}}
==== The Good Dalek Incident ====
{{Campaignbox Constantine Wars}}
{{Main|Good Dalek Incident}}
A military that was often willing to support its commander over its emperor meant that commanders could establish sole control of the army they were responsible for and usurp the imperial throne. The so-called [[Crisis of the Third Century]] describes the turmoil of murder, usurpation and in-fighting that is traditionally seen as developing with the murder of the Emperor [[Alexander Severus]] in 235.<ref name="grantP280">Grant, ''The History of Rome'', p. 280</ref> Emperor [[Septimius Severus]] was forced to deal with two rivals for the throne: [[Pescennius Niger]] and then [[Clodius Albinus]]. Severus' successor [[Caracalla]] passed uninterrupted for a while until he was murdered by [[Macrinus]],<ref name="declineP129">Gibbon, ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', p. 129</ref> who proclaimed himsef emperor in his place. The troops of [[Elagabalus]] declared him to be emperor instead, and the two met in battle at the [[Battle of Antioch (218)|Battle of Antioch]] in 218 AD, in which Macrinus was defeated.<ref name="declineP130">Gibbon, ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', p. 130</ref> However, Elagabalus was murdered shortly afterwards<ref name="declineP130"/> and [[Alexander Severus]] was proclaimed emperor who, after a short reign, was murdered in turn.<ref name="declineP130"/> His murderers raised in his place [[Maximinus Thrax]]. However, just as he had been raised by the army, Maximinus was also brought down by them and was murdered<ref>Gibbon, ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', p. 131</ref> when it appeared to his forces as though he would not be able to best the senatorial candidate for the throne, [[Gordian III]].
At one point in the history of the Dalek Empire, it warred against the [[Combined Galactic Resistance]]. ([[TV]]: {{cs|Into the Dalek (TV story)}}) Research by [[historian]]s placed this conflict either during the [[Second Dalek War]], sometime after the Daleks' foray to [[Exxilon]] and their shattering of the [[Draconian Empire]], ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)}}) or in the [[frontier world]]s during the [[Great War (The Evil of the Daleks)|Great War]]. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|The Whoniverse (novel)}})


Gordian III's fate is not certain, although he may have been murdered by his own successor, [[Philip the Arab]], who ruled for only a few years before the army again raised a general to proclaimed emperor, this time [[Decius]], who defeated Philip in the [[Battle of Verona]] to seize the throne.<ref>Gibbon, ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', p. 135</ref> [[Gallienus]], emperor from 260 AD to 268 AD, saw a [[Gallienus usurpers|remarkable array of usurpers]]. [[Diocletian]], a usurper himself, defeated [[Carinus]] to become emperor. Some small measure of stability again returned at this point, with the empire split into a Tetrarchy of two greater and two lesser emperors, a system that staved off civil wars for a short time until 312 AD. In that year, relations between the tetrarchy collapsed for good. From 314 AD onwards, [[Constantine the Great]] defeated Licinius in a series of battles. Constantine then turned to Maxentius, beating him in the [[Battle of Verona (312)|Battle of Verona]] and the [[Battle of Milvian Bridge]].
The Resistance managed to capture a damaged Dalek, that was later named [[Rusty (Into the Dalek)|Rusty]], who claimed a desire to turn on its own kind. After the [[Twelfth Doctor]] rescued [[Journey Blue]], the Resistance asked him to help fix Rusty as he had been turned good. The Doctor, [[Clara Oswald]], Journey, [[Ross (Into the Dalek)|Ross]] and [[Gretchen Carlisle|Gretchen Alison Carlisle]] travelled into Rusty and located a crack in his power source that was spewing [[radiation]] and killing him, losing Ross along the way.


{{Campaignbox Roman-Sassanid Wars}}
The Doctor repaired the crack with his [[The Doctor's sonic screwdriver|sonic screwdriver]], but the radiation had been causing Rusty's change, and so without it Rusty turned evil again, breaking free of its restraints and calling in more Daleks to destroy the ''[[Aristotle (spacecraft)|Aristotle]]''. At the insistence of Clara, the Doctor, Clara, Journey and Gretchen attempted to turn Rusty good again by reactivating his suppressed memories, particularly that of a [[star]] being born which would open him to the Doctor's influence.
After overthrowing the Parthian confederacy,<ref name="historyP283">Grant, ''The History of Rome'', p. 283</ref><ref name="luttwakP128">Luttwak, ''The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire'', p. 128</ref> the [[Sassanid Empire]] that arose from its remains pursued a more aggressive expansionist policy than their predecessors<ref name="enemiesP234">Matyszak, ''The Enemies of Rome'', p. 234</ref><ref name="grandStrategyP151">Luttwak, ''The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire'', p. 151</ref> and continued to make war against Rome. In 230, the first Sassanid emperor attacked Roman territory,<ref name="grandStrategyP151"/> and in 243, Emperor [[Gordian III]]'s army defeated the Sassanids at the [[Battle of Resaena]].<ref>Matyszak, ''The Enemies of Rome'', p. 235</ref> In 253 the Sassanids under [[Shapur I]] penetrated deeply into Roman territory, defeating a Roman force at the [[Battle of Barbalissos]]<ref name="enemiesP236">Matyszak, ''The Enemies of Rome'', p. 236</ref> and conquering and plundering [[Antiochia]].<ref name="enemiesP236"/><ref name="historyP283"/> In 260 at the [[Battle of Edessa]] the Sassanids defeated the Roman army<ref name="enemiesP237">Matyszak, ''The Enemies of Rome'', p. 237</ref> and captured the Roman Emperor [[Valerian (emperor)|Valerian]].<ref name="grandStrategyP151"/><ref name="historyP283"/> There was a lasting peace between Rome and the Sassanid Empire between 297 and 337 following a treaty between [[Narseh]] and Emperor [[Diocletian]]. However, just before the death of [[Constantine I]] in 337, [[Shapur II]] broke the peace and began a twenty-six year conflict, attempting with little success to conquer Roman fortresses in the region. Emperor [[Julian the Apostate|Julian]] met Shapur in 363 in the [[Battle of Ctesiphon (363)|Battle of Ctesiphon]] outside the walls of the Persian capital. The Romans were victorious but were unable to take the city and were forced to retreat. There were several future wars, although all brief and small-scale.


===Collapse of the Western Empire (395–476)===
[[File:Rusty.jpg|thumb|left|[[Rusty (Into the Dalek)|Rusty]]. ([[TV]]: {{cs|Into the Dalek (TV story)}})]]
[[Image:476eur.jpg|thumb|left|305px|Europe in 476, from ''Muir's Historical Atlas'' (1911).]]
Clara succeeded in reactivating the memories, opening Rusty's mind and the Doctor [[Telepathy|telepathically]] linked with him to get him to see the good in the universe through the Doctor. However, being a Dalek, the "beauty" that Rusty reacted to was the Doctor's hatred of the Daleks. Taking the Doctor's hatred as his own, Rusty turned on the Dalek boarding party attacking the ''Aristotle'' and exterminated them. Rusty told the Doctor that he wasn't a good Dalek but the Doctor was, and then he ordered the [[Dalek flying saucer]] that was docked with the ''Aristotle'' to retreat, claiming that the humans had activated the ship's self-destruct. Rusty left with the Daleks to continue his war against his own kind by destroying them from within. ([[TV]]: {{cs|Into the Dalek (TV story)}}) After managing to destroy the [[Dalek command ship]], Rusty was retrieved by the Daleks, his new mindset causing the [[Dalek Council|Dalek Supreme Council]] to withdraw lest Rusty's influence spread to other Daleks.
{{Campaignbox Fall of Western Roman Empire}}


Western Empire's last gasp began when the Visigoths revolted around 395 AD.<ref>Jordanes, ''The Origins and Deeds of the Goths'', 147</ref> Led by [[Alaric I]],<ref name="historyofwarsB3P1C2">Procopius, ''History of the Wars'', Book 3, Pt 1, Ch. 2</ref> in 402 AD they besieged Mediolanum, the capital of Roman Emperor [[Honorius (emperor)|Honorius]]. The arrival of the Roman [[Stilicho]] and his army forced Alaric to relieve the siege and move towards Hasta (modern Asti) in western Italy, where Stilicho attacked it at the [[Battle of Pollentia]],<ref>Gibbon, ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', p. 563</ref><ref>Jordanes, ''The Origins and Deeds of the Goths'', 154</ref> capturing Alaric's camp. Stilicho again attacked at the [[Battle of Verona]]<ref>Gibbon, ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', p. 565</ref> and again defeated Alaric,<ref>Matyszak, ''The Enemies of Rome'', p. 263</ref> forcing him to withdraw from Italy. In 405 AD, the Ostrogoths invaded Italy itself, but were defeated. However, in 406 AD an unprecedented number of tribes took advantage of the freezing of the Rhine to cross ''en masse'', encountering little resistance<ref>Grant, ''The History of Rome'', p. 324</ref> and completely over-running Gaul. Despite this grave danger, or perhaps because of it, the Roman army continued to be wracked by usurpation.<ref name="historyP327">Grant, ''The History of Rome'', p. 327</ref>
After confirming it could not, Rusty was exiled to the [[Dalek Asylum]], ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)}}) but managed to escape, basing himself at [[Villengard]]. The Daleks made attempts to hunt him down and destroy him, but Rusty was persistently successful in fighting them off. All around his control tower were the shattered remnants of his earlier attackers. Some of the Daleks survived, albeit without their casings. ([[TV]]: {{cs|Twice Upon a Time (TV story)}}) Rusty however had access to records of events that succeeded the fall of the Dalek Empire, suggesting that the unit itself hailed from a later point in Dalek history. ([[TV]]: {{cs|Into the Dalek (TV story)}})


It is in this climate that, despite his earlier setback, Alaric returned again in 410 and managed to [[Sack of Rome (410)|sack Rome]].<ref>Matyszak, ''The Enemies of Rome'', p. 267</ref><ref>Gibbon, ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', p. 589</ref><ref name="historyofwarsB3P1C2">Jordanes, ''The Origins and Deeds of the Goths'', 156</ref> The Roman capital had by this time moved to the Italian city of [[Ravenna]],<ref>Gibbon, ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', p. 587</ref> but some historians view 410 as an alternative date for the true fall of the Roman Empire.<ref>Wood, ''In Search of the First Civilizations'', p. 177</ref> Without possession of Rome or many of its former provinces, and increasingly Germanic in nature, the Roman Empire after 410 had little in common with the earlier Empire. By 410 AD, Britain had been mostly denuded of Roman troops,<ref>Gibbon, ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', p. 560</ref><ref>Churchill, ''A History of the English-Speaking Peoples'', p. 16</ref> and by 425 AD was no longer part of the Empire,<ref name="historyofwarsB3P1C2"/> and much of western Europe was beset "by all kinds of calamities and disasters",<ref>Churchill, ''A History of the English-Speaking Peoples'', p. 17</ref> coming under barbarian kingdoms ruled by [[Vandals]], [[Suebians]], [[Visigoths]] and [[Burgundians]].<ref name="stormingP187">Santosuosso, ''Storming the Heavens'', p. 187</ref>
== Further Dalek empires ==
After the destruction of the Dalek Empire, three subsequent empires were established: the [[New Dalek Empire]], followed by the [[New Dalek Paradigm]], which was reformed into the [[resurrected Dalek Empire]].


The remainder of Rome's territory, if not its nature, was defended for several decades following 410 largely by [[Flavius Aëtius]], who managed to play off each of Rome's barbarian invaders against one another. In 436 he led a Hunnic army against the Visigoths at the Battle of Arles, and again in 436 at the [[Battle of Narbonne (436)|Battle of Narbonne]]. In 451 he led a combined army, including his former enemy the Visigoths, against the Huns at the [[Battle of the Catalaunian Plains]].<ref>Matyszak, ''The Enemies of Rome'', p. 276</ref><ref>Gibbon, ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', p. 489</ref><ref>Jordanes, ''The Origins and Deeds of the Goths'', 197</ref> Despite being the only clear champion of the Empire at this point Aëtius was slain by the Emperor [[Valentinian III]]'s own hand, leading [[Sidonius Apollinaris]] to observe, "I am ignorant, sir, of your motives or provocations; I only know that you have acted like a man who has cut off his right hand with his left".<ref>Gibbon, ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', ch. 35</ref>
The [[New Dalek Empire]] was established by [[Dalek Caan]], who made a perilous journey back through time into the first year of the Time War, and rescued [[Davros]] from the "jaws of the [[Nightmare Child]]". Davros sacrificed cells from his own body to create millions of new Daleks. Together they built a massive fleet and a space station called the ''[[Crucible]]'' within the [[Medusa Cascade]]. Dalek Caan worked in secret to betray the New Empire and Davros, however, and assisted the Doctor and [[Donna Noble]] in disarming the [[reality bomb]] and foiling the [[stolen planets]] plot. The [[Meta-Crisis Tenth Doctor]] then caused a chain reaction which destroyed the New Empire, including apparently Davros and Caan. ([[TV]]: {{cs|The Stolen Earth (TV story)}}, {{cs|Journey's End (TV story)}})


Carthage, the second largest city in the empire, was lost along with much of North Africa in 439 to the Vandals,<ref>Gibbon, ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', p. 618</ref><ref name="historyofwarsB3P1C4">Procopius, ''History of the Wars'', Book 3, Pt 1, Ch. 4</ref> and the fate of Rome seemed sealed. By 476, what remained of the Empire was completely in the hands of federated Germanic troops and when they revolted under [[Odoacer]] and deposed Emperor [[Romulus Augustus]]<ref name="jordanes243">Jordanes, ''The Origins and Deeds of the Goths'', 243</ref> there was nobody to stop them. Odoacer happened to hold the part of the Empire around Italy and Rome but other parts of the Empire were ruled by Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Franks, Alans and others. The Empire in the West had fallen,<ref name="stormingP187"/><ref name="jordanes243"/> and its remnant in Italy was no longer Roman in its political nature. The [[Eastern Roman Empire|Eastern Empire]] (mostly known in modern times as "Byzantine Empire") and the Goths continued to fight over Rome and the surrounding area for many years, though by this point Rome's importance was negligible. For the subsequent events in Roman military history, see [[Byzantine military|Byzantine military history]].
[[File:Daleks.jpg|thumb|right|The beginning of the third Dalek Empire: the [[New Dalek Paradigm]]. ([[TV]]: {{cs|Victory of the Daleks (TV story)}})]]
Through a deception called the "[[Ironside Project]]", three Daleks, ([[TV]]: {{cs|Victory of the Daleks (TV story)}}) having survived the destruction of the Crucible and the New Dalek Empire, ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)}}) tricked the [[Eleventh Doctor]] into helping them activate a [[Progenitor]] ([[TV]]: {{cs|Victory of the Daleks (TV story)}}) that was left over from the Last Great Time War. ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|A History of Humankind (novel)}}) The device then created five new Daleks, referred to as a [[New Dalek Paradigm]]. These newcomers destroyed their three forebears and escaped through a [[time corridor]]. [[Amy Pond]] speculated that the new Daleks would need time to "build themselves up". ([[TV]]: {{cs|Victory of the Daleks (TV story)}})


==Legacy==
Reeling from its defeat at the hands of the [[Ninth Doctor]] in [[March]] [[2005]], the post-Time War [[Nestene Consciousness]] considered allying with the "mighty empires" of the Daleks and the [[Cyberman|Cybermen]] in order to rid [[N-Space|the universe]] of [[the Doctor]], ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Revenge of the Nestene (short story)}}) a prospect which would be realised with the [[Pandorica Alliance]], which the New Paradigm participated in. ([[TV]]: {{cs|The Pandorica Opens (TV story)}}) The Paradigm restored the Daleks to an empire, but their repeated failures resulted in its members losing influence. Instead, the Dalek Empire they had formed was [[Reinvention of the Dalek Empire|reinvented]] into the [[resurrected Dalek Empire]]. This new empire would be overseen by a [[Parliament of the Daleks|Parliament]] led by a [[Dalek Prime Minister]]. ([[TV]]: {{cs|The Time of the Doctor (TV story)}}, [[PROSE]]: {{cs|Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)}})
The American magazine ''National Geographic ''described the legacy of the Roman Empire in ''The World According to Rome'':
{{quote|The enduring Roman influence is reflected pervasively in contemporary language, literature, legal codes, government, architecture, engineering, medicine, sports, arts, etc. Much of it is so deeply inbedded that we barely notice our debt to ancient Rome. Consider language, for example. Fewer and fewer people today claim to know Latin - and yet, go back to the first sentence in this paragraph. If we removed all the words drawn directly from Latin, that sentence would read; "The."<ref>Reid (1997), p. 54.</ref>{{#tag:ref|The final statement is not entirely accurate (in terms of the linguistic etymology): many words with Latin roots, such as ''engineering'' and ''sports'', were borrowed from French[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=engineer][http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=sport] and were thus derived indirectly, while the main verb and the preposition in the first sentence are native English forms. However, the point pertaining to the pervading influence is valid.|group=nb}} }}


Several states claimed to be the Roman Empire's successors after the fall of the [[Western Roman Empire]]. The [[Holy Roman Empire]], an attempt to resurrect the Empire in the West, was established in 800 when [[Pope Leo III]] crowned [[Franks|Frankish]] King [[Charlemagne]] as [[Roman Emperor]] on [[Christmas Day]], though the empire and the imperial office did not become formalised for some decades. After the fall of [[Constantinople]], the [[Muscovy|Russian Tsardom]], as inheritor of the Byzantine Empire's [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christian]] tradition, counted itself the third Rome (with Constantinople having been the second). And when the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]]s, who based their state on the Byzantine model, took Constantinople in 1453, [[Mehmed II]] established his capital there and claimed to sit on the throne of the Roman Empire, and he even went so far as to launch an invasion of Italy with the purpose of "re-uniting the Empire", although [[Papal States|Papal]] and [[Neapolitan]] armies stopped his march on Rome at [[Otranto]] in 1480. Constantinople was not officially renamed [[Istanbul]] until 28 March 1930.
With the Daleks still a diminished force compared to their Time War-power level, ([[PROSE]]: {{cs|Dalek Combat Training Manual (reference book)}}) the empire committed much of its military might to denying the Time Lords' return to the universe during the [[Siege of Trenzalore]], intending to rule supreme by ensuring the Time Lords never returned. When the Eleventh Doctor regenerated and destroyed their forces, human historians speculated this could be the Daleks' final defeat. They were not fully convinced, however. ([[TV]]: {{cs|The Time of the Doctor (TV story)}}, [[PROSE]]: {{cs|Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)}}) Indeed, the Daleks restored [[Skaro]] and made it the centre of their empire. Davros stated they brought back the world due to their strong concept of home. ([[TV]]: {{cs|The Witch's Familiar (TV story)}}) [[Missy]] had an outstanding death warrant in the Dalek Empire. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|The Bekdel Test (audio story)}})


Excluding these states claiming its heritage, if the traditional date for the founding of Rome is accepted as fact, the Roman state can be said to have lasted in some form from 753 BC to the fall in 1461 of the [[Empire of Trebizond]] (a successor state and fragment of the Byzantine Empire which escaped conquest by the Ottomans in 1453), for a total of 2,214 years. The Roman impact on Western and Eastern civilisations lives on. In time most of the Roman achievements were duplicated by later civilisations. For example, the technology for [[cement]] was rediscovered 1755–1759 by [[John Smeaton]].
== Alternate timelines ==
Following their escape, the New Dalek Paradigm discovered the lost Time Lord artefact, the [[Eye of Time]], allowing them to alter time as they saw fit. The Daleks returned to Skaro, rebuilt their capital city of [[Kaalann]], appointed [[Dalek Emperor (City of the Daleks)|a new Emperor]], and began rebuilding their empire. One of the empire's first acts with their new-found power over time was to invade Earth in [[1963]]. In this new timeline, they succeeded in killing every member of the human race. However, the Doctor and [[Amy Pond]] successfully undid these events, leaving Earth unconquered and erasing the new empire from existence. ([[GAME]]: {{cs|City of the Daleks (video game)}})


The Empire contributed many things to the world, such as a calendar with [[leap year]]s, the institutions of [[Christianity]] and aspects of modern [[Neoclassical architecture|neo-classicistic]] and [[Byzantine architecture]]. The extensive system of roads that was constructed by the [[Roman Army]] lasts to this day. Because of this network of roads, the time necessary to travel between destinations in [[Europe]] did not decrease until the 19th century, when steam power was invented. Even modern [[astrology]] comes to us directly from the Romans.
Another alternate timeline was created when guerrillas from this timeline travelled back and accidentally caused a war by assassinating delegates, allowing the Daleks to invade Earth. This was averted when the [[Third Doctor]] travelled back from this timeline and told [[Shura|the guerrilla responsible]] the truth. Daleks and [[Ogron]]s travelled back to keep this timeline intact, but the guerrilla destroyed them with a [[Dalekanium bomb|bomb]]. ([[TV]]: {{cs|Day of the Daleks (TV story)}})


The Roman Empire also contributed its form of government, which influences various constitutions including those of most [[Europe|European countries]] and many former European colonies. In the [[United States]], for example, the framers of the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]] remarked, in creating the [[Presidency]], that they wanted to inaugurate an "Augustan Age". The modern world also inherited legal thinking from [[Roman law]], fully codified in [[Late Antiquity]]. Governing a vast territory, the Romans developed the science of [[public administration]] to an extent never before conceived or necessary, creating an extensive civil service and formalised methods of tax collection.
In another alternate timeline, the Daleks invaded Earth in the [[17th century]]. This was averted by the [[Eighth Doctor]] and [[Charley Pollard]]. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|The Time of the Daleks (audio story)}})


While in the West the term Roman acquired a new meaning in connection with the church and the [[Pope]] of [[Rome]] the Greek form [[Romaioi]] remained attached to the Greek-speaking Christian population of the [[Eastern Roman Empire]] and is still used by [[Greeks]] in addition to their common appellation).<ref>Encyclopedia Britannica,History of Europe, The Romans, 2008, O.Ed.</ref>
Following his acquisition of the [[Anti-Genesis code]]s from [[Gallifrey]] during the [[Last Great Time War]], the [[War Master]] travelled to [[Skaro]] during the [[Thousand Year War]] and ensured that [[Davros]] was killed by the bomb that had crippled him in the regular timeline. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|From the Flames (audio story)}}) In Davros's place, the Master infiltrated the [[Scientific Elite|Kaled Scientific Elite]] ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|The Master's Dalek Plan (audio story)}}) and created a new race of [[Dalek (The Master's Dalek Plan)|Daleks]] loyal to him instead, ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Shockwave (TWM audio story)}}) eventually creating a Dalek Empire which conquered all of [[existence]]. However, this timeline was eventually erased by this Master's future self, a [[Unbound Master|parallel universe Master]], and the [[Dalek Time Strategist (The Shadow Vortex)|Dalek Time Strategist]], as the many [[Temporal paradox|paradoxes]] this timeline was built upon risked destroying all reality. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|He Who Wins (audio story)}})


The Roman Empire's territorial legacy of controlling the Italian peninsula would serve as an influence to Italian nationalism and the unification (''[[Risorgimento]]'') of Italy in 1861.
In [[Alternate timeline (Time & Time Again)|a timeline]] where the [[First Doctor]] had never left Gallifrey, the Dalek Empire had grown to such a size without his interference that even the Time Lords lived in fear of it. This timeline was later undone through the efforts of the [[Seventh Doctor]], [[Ace]] and [[Bernice Summerfield]] gathering the pieces of the [[Key to Time]] and restoring history to normal. ([[COMIC]]: {{cs|Time & Time Again (comic story)}})


==See also==
In a timeline when a [[temporal collision]] of the First and Second Doctor's TARDISes prevented the former from landing on [[Kembel]], the Daleks completed the [[Time Destructor]]. With their perfected weapon, the Dalek Empire began a death march across the galaxies. This timeline was undone when the Second Doctor prevented the temporal collision, restoring the natural sequence of events. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Daughter of the Gods (audio story)}})
*[[History of the Roman Empire]]
*[[Decline of the Roman Empire]]
*[[Roman Architecture]]
*[[Migration Period]]


== Notes ==
== Parallel universes ==
;footnotes
In one [[The Mentor's universe|parallel universe]], the [[Alliance Dalek|Daleks]] created by [[the Mentor]] ruled the entire universe. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Dalek War: Chapter One (audio story)}})
{{Reflist|group=nb}}
;citations
{{Reflist|2}}


== References ==
In the [[Unbound Universe]], the Dalek Empire was formed by the group of [[Dalek (Unbound Universe)|Daleks]] originally created by [[Davros (Unbound Universe)|Davros]], known as [[the Renegades]] by the second batch of Daleks who remained on Skaro. Functionally identical to their N-Space counterparts, these Daleks invaded other planets and were fought against by the [[Unbound Doctor]] on many occasions and led him to initially believe that the entire Dalek race was beyond redemption. ([[AUDIO]]: {{cs|Masters of War (audio story)}})
*{{citebook|author=[[Frank Frost Abbott]]|year=1901|title=A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions|publisher=Elibron Classics|isbn=0-543-92749-0}}
*[[John Bagnell Bury]], ''A History of the Roman Empire from its Foundation to the death of Marcus Aurelius'', 1913, ISBN 978-1436734165
*[[Winston Churchill]], ''A History of the English-Speaking Peoples'', Cassell, 1998, ISBN 0-304-34912-7
*[[J. A. Crook]], ''Law and Life of Rome, 90 BC–AD 212'', 1967, ISBN 0-8014-9273-4
*[[Donald R. Dudley]], ''The Civilization of Rome'', 2nd ed., 1985, ISBN 0-452-01016-0
*[[Arther Ferrill]], ''The Fall of the Roman Empire: The Military Explanation'', [[Thames and Hudson]], 1988, ISBN 0-500-27495-9
*{{cite book
  |last=Freeman
  |first=Charles
  |title=The Greek Achievement: The Foundation of the Western World
  |publisher=Penguin
  |location=New York
  |year=1999
  |isbn=0-670-88515-0
}}
*[[Edward Gibbon]], ''The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', [[1776–1788]]
*[[Adrian Goldsworthy]], ''The Punic Wars'', Cassell & Co, 2000, ISBN 0-304-35284-5
*[[Adrian Goldsworthy]], ''In the Name of Rome: The Men Who Won the Roman Empire'', Weidenfield and Nicholson, 2003, ISBN 0-297-84666-3
*[[Adrian Goldsworthy]], ''The Complete Roman Army'', [[Thames and Hudson]], 2003, ISBN 0-500-05124-0
*[[Michael Grant (author)|Michael Grant]], ''The History of Rome'', [[Faber and Faber]], 1993, ISBN 0-571-11461-X
*[[Tom Holland]], ''Rubicon'', [[Little Brown]], 2003, ISBN 0-316-86130-8
*[[Andrew Lintott]], ''Imperium Romanum: Politics and administration'', 1993, ISBN 0-415-09375-9
*[[Edward Luttwak]], ''The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire'', [[Johns Hopkins University Press]], ISBN 0-8018-2158-4
* {{cite journal
| first=T.R.
| last=Reid
| title=The World According to Rome
| journal = National Geographic
| volume=192
| issue=2
| pages=54-83
| year=1997
| url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/
}}
*[[Antonio Santosuosso]], ''Storming the Heavens: Soldiers, Emperors and Civilians in the Roman Empire'', Westview Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8133-3523-X
{{refend}}
<div class="references-small">
</div>


==External links==
== Behind the scenes ==
{{sisterlinks}}
* ''[[The Discontinuity Guide]]'' made the claim that, originally, Davros was killed and forgotten, and that the [[Fourth Doctor]]'s [[Genesis Incident|interference with the creation of the Daleks]] created a new [[timeline]] where Davros survived. As a result, whilst the Daleks originally had a solid, cohesive empire, always with one purpose, Davros' presence reduced them to "a mess of squabbling factions" which were "incapable of the unity needed to develop [[Dimensional transcendentalism|dimensionally transcendental]] [[time travel]]. Published before the [[Last Great Time War]] was established in ''Doctor Who'' lore, ''The Discontinuity Guide'' went on to claim that "whilst Davros lives the Daleks will remain disorganised, and will never become the threat that the Time Lords so feared."<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/dalekhistory2.shtml BBC.co.uk 'Discontinuity Guide' article on '''Dalek History: Part Two''' in the original series of ''Doctor Who'']</ref>
* [http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5i11rv1ezJ_9hlqSjJfzxr1A5wryQ Roman battlefield unearthed deep inside Germany]
* The Dalek Hierarchy feature of [[DWFC TLV 1]] explains that the Prime Minister led the [[resurrected Dalek Empire]] after a civil war between the New Dalek Paradigm and the "[[Children of Davros]]", which is glimpsed in ''[[The Eleventh Doctor Interactive Story]]''.
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/romans BBC Romans for Children]
*[http://classicsunveiled.com/romeh/ Classics Unveiled]
*[http://www.euratlas.com/history_europe/europe_map_0100.html Complete map of the Roman Empire in year 100]
*[http://roman-empire.info Detailed history of the Roman Empire]
*[http://tacitus.nu/historical-atlas/rome.htm Historical Atlas] (Swedish)
*[http://romancoins.info Roman Numismatic Gallery ]
*[http://resourcesforhistory.com The Celts and Romans]
*[http://roman-empire.net The Roman Empire]
*[http://pbs.org/empires/romans/index.html The Roman Empire in the First Century] from PBS
*[http://www.crystalinks.com/romanempire.html The Roman Empire System]
*[http://www.wikitimescale.org/en/wiki/Imperium_Romanum Timeline of the Roman Empire and its split] on [[WikiTimeScale]].
*[http://www.unrv.com/ UNRV Roman History]
*[http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/jod/wola.html Worlds of Late Antiquity website:] links, bibliographies: [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]], [[Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius|Boethius]], [[Cassiodorus]] etc.
----
{{Ancient Rome topics}}
{{Roman history by territory}}
{{Ancient Greek and Roman Wars}}
{{Empires}}


[[Category:Former countries on the Italian Peninsula]]
== Footnotes ==
[[Category:Roman Empire|*]]
{{Reflist}}


{{Link FA|ca}}
[[Category:Dalek Empire| ]]
{{Link FA|lv}}
{{Link FA|no}}
{{Link FA|pt}}
{{Link FA|fi}}
{{Link FA|ka}}
[[af:Romeinse Ryk]]
[[als:Römisches Reich]]
[[ang:Rōmānisce Rīce]]
[[ar:إمبراطورية رومانية]]
[[an:Imperio Román]]
[[arz:الامبراطورية الرومانية]]
[[ast:Imperiu Romanu]]
[[az:Roma İmperiyası]]
[[bn:রোমান সাম্রাজ্য]]
[[zh-min-nan:Lô-má Tè-kok]]
[[be:Рымская імперыя]]
[[be-x-old:Рымская Імпэрыя]]
[[bs:Rimska imperija]]
[[br:Impalaeriezh roman]]
[[bg:Римска империя]]
[[ca:Imperi Romà]]
[[cy:Yr Ymerodraeth Rufeinig]]
[[da:Romerriget]]
[[de:Römisches Reich]]
[[et:Rooma riik]]
[[el:Ρωμαϊκή Αυτοκρατορία]]
[[es:Imperio romano]]
[[eo:Romia Imperio]]
[[eu:Erromatar Inperioa]]
[[fa:امپراتوری روم]]
[[fr:Empire romain]]
[[fy:Romeinske ryk]]
[[gl:Imperio Romano]]
[[hak:Lò-mâ Ti-koet]]
[[ko:로마 제국]]
[[hi:रोमन साम्राज्य]]
[[hr:Rimsko Carstvo]]
[[id:Kekaisaran Romawi]]
[[ia:Imperio Roman]]
[[is:Rómverska keisaradæmið]]
[[it:Impero romano]]
[[he:הקיסרות הרומית]]
[[jv:Kakaisaran Romawi]]
[[ka:რომის იმპერია]]
[[kw:Emperoureth Romanek]]
[[sw:Dola la Roma]]
[[lad:Imperio Romano]]
[[la:Imperium Romanum]]
[[lv:Romas impērija]]
[[lb:Réimescht Räich]]
[[lt:Romos imperija]]
[[lij:Impè Roman]]
[[jbo:latmo sosygugje'a]]
[[hu:Római Birodalom]]
[[mk:Римска империја]]
[[mg:Empira Romana]]
[[ml:റോമാ സാമ്രാജ്യം]]
[[mt:Imperu Ruman]]
[[fj:Na Matanitu ki Roma]]
[[nl:Romeinse Rijk]]
[[new:रोमन साम्राज्य]]
[[ja:ローマ帝国]]
[[no:Romerriket]]
[[nn:Romarriket]]
[[oc:Empèri Roman]]
[[pms:Imperi Roman]]
[[nds:Röömsch Riek]]
[[pl:Cesarstwo rzymskie]]
[[pt:Império Romano]]
[[crh:Roma İmperiyası]]
[[ro:Imperiul Roman]]
[[rm:Imperi roman]]
[[qu:Romanu qhapaq llaqta]]
[[ru:Римская империя]]
[[sm:Le Malo o Roma]]
[[sq:Perandoria Romake]]
[[scn:Mpèriu rumanu]]
[[simple:Roman Empire]]
[[sk:Staroveký Rím]]
[[sl:Rimski imperij]]
[[sr:Римско царство]]
[[sh:Rimsko Carstvo]]
[[fi:Rooman valtakunta]]
[[sv:Romerska kejsardömet]]
[[ta:ரோமப் பேரரசு]]
[[th:จักรวรรดิโรมัน]]
[[vi:Đế quốc La Mã]]
[[tr:Roma İmparatorluğu]]
[[uk:Римська імперія]]
[[ur:رومی سلطنت]]
[[vec:Inpero Roman]]
[[vls:Romeins Ryk]]
[[yi:רוימישע אימפעריע]]
[[zh-yue:羅馬帝國]]
[[bat-smg:Ruomas imperėjė]]
[[zh:羅馬帝國]]

Latest revision as of 21:41, 21 November 2024

You may be looking for the audio series or another, similarly-named topic.

The Dalek Empire was an empire created by the Daleks which spanned much of time and space. With a goal to exterminate all life save the Daleks themselves, the Empire waged numerous interstellar wars, bringing it into frequent conflict with the Doctor. It was divided for a time during its civil war, but was eventually reunited. Ultimately, the entire Empire fought the Time Lords in the Last Great Time War, which was marked by unprecedented destruction across time. The Dalek Empire ceased to exist when the war ended, although remnants survived. One of the survivors of the Dalek Empire, Dalek Caan, went on to become the founder of the New Dalek Empire, which would later be succeeded by a third and fourth empire.

History[[edit] | [edit source]]

Origins[[edit] | [edit source]]

Inheriting the Kaled belief that Skaro was the only world in the universe that could support life, (TV: Genesis of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Genesis of the Daleks (TV story)"]) the earliest incarnation of the Dalek Empire was focused only on Skaro, intending to rebuild and fully colonise their ruined planet. Their first encounter with the First Doctor, who confirmed that other life existed in the universe, (TV: The Daleks [+]Loading...["The Daleks (TV story)"]) however led the Daleks to devote themselves to one day leaving Skaro and conquer other worlds. (AUDIO: The Lights of Skaro [+]Loading...["The Lights of Skaro (audio story)"], Return to Skaro [+]Loading...["Return to Skaro (audio story)"])

With the knowledge of constructing spacecraft lost to them, (PROSE: Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe [+]Loading...["Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)"]) the Daleks first attempted to claim the Doctor's TARDIS as a means of reaching other planets, (AUDIO: Return to Skaro [+]Loading...["Return to Skaro (audio story)"]) but instead reverse engineered Krattorian blueprints. (COMIC: Power Play [+]Loading...["Power Play (comic story)"]) Before their own spacecrafts were completed, it was believed that the Daleks had made alliances with spacefaring races, such as the Voord, to transport Dalek forces to desirable planets. (PROSE: Doctor Who and the Daleks [+]Loading...["Doctor Who and the Daleks (short story)"])

While the original Dalek Emperor journeyed with the newly-built Dalek conquest fleet, a new Emperor took control of a faction of Daleks on Skaro, which he named the Exterminator Daleks, by contrast to the spacefaring group, which he called "the Expansionist Daleks". The splinter-Empire of the Exterminators vowed to remain on Skaro and scour the planet to find any potential Thal survivors. They briefly took control of the Dalek City, only to be themselves annihilated by a small but well-prepared Thal commando, leaving the Expansionists as the only ruling Dalek Empire. (PROSE: The Dalek Problem [+]Loading...["The Dalek Problem (novel)"])

Early expansion[[edit] | [edit source]]

After the construction of the first Dalek Fleet, the Daleks first attacked the planet Alvega, ultimately destroying it when it would not surrender to them. (COMIC: The Amaryll Challenge [+]Loading...["The Amaryll Challenge (comic story)"]) In building the Dalek Empire, the Daleks experienced a technological surge comparable to the Gallifreyans' own empire building. (PROSE: A Brief History of Time Lords [+]Loading...["A Brief History of Time Lords (novel)"]) As the Daleks spread further out from Skaro, they developed the Pathweb to share knowledge and information across their race. (AUDIO: The Triumph of Davros [+]Loading...["The Triumph of Davros (audio story)"])

In the early days of the Empire, Dalek factory ships were sent out by the thousands to quickly mass produce legions of Daleks on other planets. (PROSE: Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe [+]Loading...["Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)"]) One of these capsules landed on the planet Vulcan where it would later be uncovered by human colonists who sought to exploit Dalek technology. The Daleks within worked to conquer the planet only to be destroyed by the Second Doctor. (TV: The Power of the Daleks [+]Loading...["The Power of the Daleks (TV story)"]) Reconnaissance scout Daleks were also sent out ahead of the main fleet to gather information of targeted worlds before the fleet would be summoned. (TV: Resolution [+]Loading...["Resolution (TV story)"])

The Daleks targeted Solturis for conquest however the planet's Prince Jareth saw to the destruction of their landing forces with the Pentaray. Solturis was the first planet the Daleks had failed to vanquish. (COMIC: The Penta Ray Factor [+]Loading...["The Penta Ray Factor (comic story)"])

After fending off an attack on the Dalek City by the Monstrons, (COMIC: The Menace of the Monstrons [+]Loading...["The Menace of the Monstrons (comic story)"]) the Daleks attempted to takeover Oric however came into conflict with Mechanoids who used a suspicion ray against them and warned the Daleks to stay out of their skies. The Emperor ordered that the Daleks prepare for war against the Mechanoids. (COMIC: Eve of War [+]Loading...["Eve of War (comic story)"]) In preparation for the war, the Daleks sought the secret of invisibility on the planet Phryne. Though they subjugated the planet successfully, the Daleks lost the secret. (COMIC: The Archives of Phryne [+]Loading...["The Archives of Phryne (comic story)"]) The Daleks diverted a rogue planet, Skardal which was threatening Skaro on a course towards the Mechanoids' planet. (COMIC: The Rogue Planet [+]Loading...["The Rogue Planet (comic story)"]) The Zerovians took advantage of this to avert the looming war, with their robot agent 2K manipulating the Daleks into destroying Skardal and then telling the Mechanoids this had been a deliberate act of non-aggression. (COMIC: Impasse [+]Loading...["Impasse (comic story)"])

After obtaining the coordinates of Earth, the Daleks decided to conquer the planet. (COMIC: The Road to Conflict [+]Loading...["The Road to Conflict (comic story)"]) They launched an invasion however it met with defeat due to the intervention of the Elders. (COMIC: Return of the Elders [+]Loading...["Return of the Elders (comic story)"])

By the end of the 21st century, the Daleks were scattered around the edges of the galaxy, working on building a stable galactic powerbase. (PROSE: Alien Bodies [+]Loading...["Alien Bodies (novel)"])

Conquest of Earth[[edit] | [edit source]]

Main article: 2150s Dalek invasion of Earth
Main article: 2180s Dalek invasion of Earth
Main article: 2223 Dalek invasion of Earth
Daleks at Chelsea Heliport during the occupation of Earth. (TV: The Dalek Invasion of Earth [+]Loading...["The Dalek Invasion of Earth (TV story)"])

After the Dalek Empire had conquered thousands of worlds, (PROSE: Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe [+]Loading...["Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)"]) they staged an invasion and conquest of Earth in the year 2157. (TV: The Dalek Invasion of Earth [+]Loading...["The Dalek Invasion of Earth (TV story)"]) The Daleks intended to use Earth to enact Project Degravitate, turning the planet into a massive warship to carry their forces across the galaxy, (AUDIO: The Dalek Conquests [+]Loading...["The Dalek Conquests (audio story)"]) but the interference of the First Doctor led to their invasion being overthrown. (TV: The Dalek Invasion of Earth [+]Loading...["The Dalek Invasion of Earth (TV story)"]) Following this, other subjugated races began rising up against the Empire. (PROSE: Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe [+]Loading...["Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)"])

Decades later, the Dalek Empire launched a second invasion of Earth whilst being guided by the time-displaced Dalek Time Controller and aided by the Monk. The Daleks successfully occupied Earth again and planned to install a time engine to turn the planet in a plague world for Viyran viruses. This plan was foiled when Lucie Miller crashed a saucer into the engine, creating a time warp which wiped out the Dalek forces on Earth. (AUDIO: Lucie Miller [+]Loading...["Lucie Miller (audio story)"], To the Death [+]Loading...["To the Death (audio story)"])

In 2223, by which time the Parliament of the Daleks governed the empire, a new invasion of Earth was launched. After an attempt by a Dalek Supreme to establish a forward base in London met with heavy resistance from the Bruce Master, the Parliament ordered the invasion be abandoned. (AUDIO: Vengeance [+]Loading...["Vengeance (audio story)"])

Expanding the Empire[[edit] | [edit source]]

As always, time travel makes the sequence of events here conjectural.

25th century invasion[[edit] | [edit source]]

Main article: 25th century Dalek invasion

By 2400, Skaro had moved into Earth's solar system and the Dalek Emperor ordered the Daleks begin a new campaign of conquest. The Daleks first wiped out the primitive races on the moons of Jupiter and the monsters on the moons of Saturn. They then destroyed the small human colony on Mars in just three hours.

The Dalek Council discusses the occupation of Venus. (COMIC: The Oil Well [+]Loading...["The Oil Well (comic story)"])

Several weeks later, the Daleks invaded Venus, reducing New Paris to ruins with the survivors rounded up and, after a brief protest during which several dissenters were exterminated, enslaved. (COMIC: Invasion of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Invasion of the Daleks (comic story)"]) The slaves were used to mine oil that the Daleks required to invade Earth. (COMIC: The Oil Well [+]Loading...["The Oil Well (comic story)"]) Through the combined efforts of slaves led by Jeff Stone and the Space Army, the occupation of Venus was defeated. (PROSE: The Secret of the Mountain [+]Loading...["The Secret of the Mountain (short story)"])

The Dalek Emperor sues for peace. (COMIC: Battle for the Moon [+]Loading...["Battle for the Moon (comic story)"])

After a series of defeats, the Daleks were forced to retreat back to Skaro where they activated a force field to prevent the Space Army from landing. The Space Army discovered there were gaps in the force field at the poles to allow air in. After they threatened to sealed them both, the Daleks were forced to lower the force field and agree to peace talks. (PROSE: Break-through! [+]Loading...["Break-through! (short story)"]) As the Emperor agreed to a peace treaty, the Stone siblings foiled a secret plot by the Dalek Black Fleet on the Moon to suffocate Earth. Under the treaty the Daleks were disarmed and confined to Skaro. (COMIC: Battle for the Moon [+]Loading...["Battle for the Moon (comic story)"])

This began the Age of Universal Peace in 2409, (PROSE: Break-through! [+]Loading...["Break-through! (short story)"]) which one account claimed lasted until the 27th century when humanity allowed the Daleks to rearm to destroy a Mechanical Planet threatening Earth and Skaro. The Emperor subsequently proclaimed the start of a new campaign. (COMIC: The Mechanical Planet [+]Loading...["The Mechanical Planet (comic story)"]) Other accounts showed the Daleks armed and waging war with humanity in the 26th century. (TV: Frontier in Space [+]Loading...["Frontier in Space (TV story)"], Planet of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Planet of the Daleks (TV story)"], PROSE: Prisoner of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Prisoner of the Daleks (novel)"], AUDIO: Out of Time [+]Loading...["Out of Time (audio story)"])

Second Dalek War[[edit] | [edit source]]

Main article: Second Dalek War
The Dalek army on Spiridon is entombed in ice. (TV: Planet of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Planet of the Daleks (TV story)"])

In 2540, the Gold Dalek, aided by the Renegade Time Lord known as the Master, attempted to provoke war between the humans and Draconians, leaving both species open for Dalek conquest (TV: Frontier in Space [+]Loading...["Frontier in Space (TV story)"]) whilst an army of ten thousand Daleks was assembled on Spiridon. (TV: Planet of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Planet of the Daleks (TV story)"]) The plan was known as Operation Divide and Conquer. (AUDIO: The Dalek Conquests [+]Loading...["The Dalek Conquests (audio story)"]) The Master's scheme was exposed to representatives of the Earth and Draconian empires by the Third Doctor and Jo (TV: Frontier in Space [+]Loading...["Frontier in Space (TV story)"]) who subsequently aided a Thal expedition in entombing the army on Spiridon in ice. (TV: Planet of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Planet of the Daleks (TV story)"])

The exposure of the Dalek plot led to the Second Dalek War. (PROSE: Love and War [+]Loading...["Love and War (novel)"]) The war lasted for decades, (COMIC: Abslom Daak... Dalek Killer [+]Loading...["Abslom Daak... Dalek Killer (comic story)"], Star Tigers [+]Loading...["Star Tigers (comic story)"], Nemesis of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Nemesis of the Daleks (comic story)"], AUDIO: Out of Time [+]Loading...["Out of Time (audio story)"]) but ultimately resulted in the Dalek Empire's defeat. (PROSE: Prisoner of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Prisoner of the Daleks (novel)"])

Time travel campaigns[[edit] | [edit source]]

Main article: Time Paradox Incident
Main article: Mechonoid Incident

The Dalek Empire sought time travel, allying with Renegade Time Lord Shazar to develop TARDISes of their own. The effort failed due to the interference of the Fourth Doctor and the Time Lord High Council, (COMIC: Return of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Return of the Daleks (TVC comic story)"]) however the Daleks did eventually develop primitive time travel in the form of taranium-powered Dalek time machines of their own, which resembled cruder version of the Time Lords' own. (PROSE: The Chase [+]Loading...["The Chase (novelisation)"])

The Gold Dalek ruling Earth in an alternate timeline. (TV: Day of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Day of the Daleks (TV story)"])

Seeking to redeem itself for the failure of the alliance with the Master, (PROSE: Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe [+]Loading...["Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)"]) the Gold Dalek attempted to use time travel to reconquer Earth, taking advantage of a paradoxical outbreak of World War III in the 20th century which left Earth weak. Despite the Daleks' effort to defend their new timeline, battling UNIT at Auderly House in the 20th century, the Third Doctor was able to avert the paradox. This deprived the Daleks of their opportunity to invade, erasing their occupation of Earth. (TV: Day of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Day of the Daleks (TV story)"])

A Dalek time machine pursues the Doctor's TARDIS through time. (TV: The Chase [+]Loading...["The Chase (TV story)"])

By one account, the Black Dalek Leader took inspiration from the Gold Dalek's use of time travel and sent a taskforce of Daleks to assassinate the Doctor in his first incarnation, (PROSE: Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe [+]Loading...["Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)"]) whereas others implied this event was earlier in Dalek history. (PROSE: The Chase [+]Loading...["The Chase (novelisation)"], Mission to the Unknown [+]Loading...["Mission to the Unknown (novelisation)"]) After a chase across time, the Doctor trapped his pursuers in a battle against the Mechonoids on Mechanus and his companions stole their time machine, which they destroyed in 1965. (TV: The Chase [+]Loading...["The Chase (TV story)"]) The loss of the time machine crippled Dalek time travel for sometime. (PROSE: Mission to the Unknown [+]Loading...["Mission to the Unknown (novelisation)"])

The Dalek Emperor personally organised an invasion of Earth in 2415 using time machines. His time machine malfunctioned however, delivering him to 1415 instead, and in his absence the invasion was a complete failure. (COMIC: The Secret of the Emperor [+]Loading...["The Secret of the Emperor (comic story)"])

Acting on the orders of the Emperor, a Dalek time machine, crewed by an Elite Guard Dalek and three subordinate silver Daleks, oversaw the conditioning of Caligula, Emperor of Rome, in the year 37 AD. When Caligula resisted Dalek commands, the leading Dalek deemed the mission a failure and they withdrew. (COMIC: Empire of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Empire of the Daleks (comic story)"])

The Great War[[edit] | [edit source]]

Main article: Great War (The Evil of the Daleks)

Over the course of five hundred years, the Daleks gained control of over seventy planets in Ninth Galactic System and forty more in the constellation of Miros, (TV: Mission to the Unknown [+]Loading...["Mission to the Unknown (TV story)"]) and conquered the Second, Third and Ninth Galaxies in a war across the Outer Galaxies. (PROSE: Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe [+]Loading...["Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)"])

In the 40th century, the Daleks came into increasing conflict with the Space Security Service, (PROSE: The Outlaw Planet [+]Loading...["The Outlaw Planet (short story)"], COMIC: Sara Kingdom: Space Security Agent [+]Loading...["Sara Kingdom: Space Security Agent (comic story)"], AUDIO: The Destroyers [+]Loading...["The Destroyers (audio story)"]) launching another invasion of Earth which met with defeat. (COMIC: The Brain Tappers [+]Loading...["The Brain Tappers (comic story)"]) They attacked the world home to Mark Seven and his adoptive parents, inspiring the android to fight back against them by joining the SSS. (AUDIO: Cycle of Destruction [+]Loading...["Cycle of Destruction (audio story)"]) Mark was a founding member of the Anti-Dalek Force which fought the Daleks on multiple worlds. (PROSE: Terror Task Force [+]Loading...["Terror Task Force (short story)"])

The Black Dalek before the assembled Galactic Council. (TV: The Daleks' Master Plan [+]Loading...["The Daleks' Master Plan (TV story)"])

The Black Dalek enacted a master plan in the year 4000. (PROSE: Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe [+]Loading...["Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)"]) Forming the Galactic Council, made up of representatives of the Outer Galaxies, the Black Dalek attempted to lure all the major galactic powers to the solar system which it would then destroy with a Time Destructor. (TV: Mission to the Unknown [+]Loading...["Mission to the Unknown (TV story)"], The Daleks' Master Plan [+]Loading...["The Daleks' Master Plan (TV story)"]) A group of human historians claimed the Black Dalek had launched the master plan at a point in time when it was the sole survivor of the Dalek Council. (PROSE: Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe [+]Loading...["Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)"])

The formation of alliance on Kembel was discovered by SSS agent Marc Cory, however the Daleks exterminated him before he could send a warning to Earth. (TV: Mission to the Unknown [+]Loading...["Mission to the Unknown (TV story)"]) Another SSS agent, Bret Vyon, and the First Doctor discovered the conspiracy as the Guardian of the Solar System, Mavic Chen delivered the Taranium core required for the Time Destructor. The Doctor stole the Taranium and fled Kembel, resulting in a pursuit across the galaxy. The Doctor was finally forced to return to Kembel, but gave the Daleks a fake core before escaping in his TARDIS. Upon discovering the deception, (TV: The Daleks' Master Plan [+]Loading...["The Daleks' Master Plan (TV story)"]) the Black Dalek requested a Dalek time machine commanded by a Red Dalek, (PROSE: The Mutation of Time [+]Loading...["The Mutation of Time (novelisation)"]) which pursued the Doctor to ancient Egypt and regained the core. Over the course of these events the alliance fell apart and once the core was obtained the Daleks trapped the delegates, planning to kill them with the operational Time Destructor. Before they could, the Doctor returned to Kembel, freeing the delegates to spread word of the Daleks' plot to their civilisations and stealing the Time Destructor. He activated the device, turning its power against the Daleks and devastating Kembel. (TV: The Daleks' Master Plan [+]Loading...["The Daleks' Master Plan (TV story)"]) While some Daleks survived, (TV: Asylum of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Asylum of the Daleks (TV story)"]) including the Black Dalek by one account, (PROSE: Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe [+]Loading...["Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)"]) all the infrastructure delegated for the plan was destroyed by the weapon, dealing a severe blow to the Dalek Empire. (PROSE: The Mutation of Time [+]Loading...["The Mutation of Time (novelisation)"])

The Time Destructor plot began the Great War. (PROSE: The Evil of the Daleks [+]Loading...["The Evil of the Daleks (novelisation)"]) In the 41st century Daleks fought against the SSS, (AUDIO: The House of Kingdom [+]Loading...["The House of Kingdom (audio story)"]) and invaded the Galactic Federation. (PROSE: Legacy [+]Loading...["Legacy (novel)"]) After this war petered out, (PROSE: The Whoniverse [+]Loading...["The Whoniverse (novel)"]) the Daleks attempted to exploit a space plague by sending an expedition to Exxilon to claim supplies of the only cure, parrinium, but were foiled by the Third Doctor and a group of human marines. (TV: Death to the Daleks [+]Loading...["Death to the Daleks (TV story)"]) When a second wave of plague began affecting Daleks, a second expedition was sent but also failed due to interference of the Fourth Doctor. (AUDIO: The Dalek Protocol [+]Loading...["The Dalek Protocol (audio story)"])

Over centuries, the Great War turned against the Dalek Empire as they suffered significant defeats, including a Thal offensive that resulted in the loss of 200 Dalek saucers, the Draconians annihilating half of the Dalek fleet along the Draconian frontier and the Terran Federation liberating six worlds from Dalek rule. (PROSE: The Evil of the Daleks [+]Loading...["The Evil of the Daleks (novelisation)"])

The Dalek Civil War, (COMIC: Children of the Revolution [+]Loading...["Children of the Revolution (comic story)"]) that the Second Doctor incited within the Empire. (TV: The Evil of the Daleks [+]Loading...["The Evil of the Daleks (TV story)"])

A thousand years after the events on Kembel, (PROSE: The Evil of the Daleks [+]Loading...["The Evil of the Daleks (novelisation)"]) the Second Doctor used the Emperor's experiments with the Human Factor to instigate a Dalek Civil War. Despite the Doctor's hopes that this would prove the Daleks' "final end", (TV: The Evil of the Daleks [+]Loading...["The Evil of the Daleks (TV story)"]) The rebellion failed (COMIC: Bringer of Darkness [+]Loading...["Bringer of Darkness (comic story)"]) and the surviving humanised Daleks were forced to flee Skaro. (COMIC: Children of the Revolution [+]Loading...["Children of the Revolution (comic story)"]) The Time Lords believed that the humanised Daleks were the first instance of a Dalek splinter group. (PROSE: Dalek Combat Training Manual [+]Loading...["Dalek Combat Training Manual (reference book)"])

Possible alteration of the timeline[[edit] | [edit source]]

Main article: Genesis Incident

Fearing that the Dalek Empire would one day conquer all of N-Space, the Time Lords sent the Fourth Doctor to Skaro to avert the creation of the Daleks only for him to fail in his task. (TV: Genesis of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Genesis of the Daleks (TV story)"]) By one account, the Doctor's actions created a new timeline in which Dalek history played out differently, thousands of worlds originally enslaved by the Dalek Empire were made free of Dalek control in the new timeline. However, many more worlds remained under the rule of the Empire and the Time Lords considered the Doctor's mission a failure. They subsequently directed him to a Deepcity, where they predicted his actions would bring about the rise of a race of robots capable of defeating the Dalek Empire. (PROSE: A Device of Death [+]Loading...["A Device of Death (novel)"])

By another account though, the Doctor had not changed anything, his actions being part of a bootstrap paradox because he only established the Dalek history he had already lived through. (PROSE: The Dalek Problem [+]Loading...["The Dalek Problem (novel)"]) Indeed, his encounters with the Daleks prior to his fourth incarnation still had occurred. (TV: Asylum of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Asylum of the Daleks (TV story)"], AUDIO: The Lights of Skaro [+]Loading...["The Lights of Skaro (audio story)"], The Dalek Defence [+]Loading...["The Dalek Defence (audio story)"], COMIC: Children of the Revolution [+]Loading...["Children of the Revolution (comic story)"])

Movellan War[[edit] | [edit source]]

Main article: Dalek-Movellan War
The Daleks fight the Movellans. (TV: Destiny of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Destiny of the Daleks (TV story)"])

The Dalek Empire waged war against the Movellans. According to research by the Celestial Intervention Agency, at the start of the war the Dalek Empire was divided under the rule of two Emperors, one of who was based on Skaro. The Skaro based Emperor became the sole ruler after the other was destroyed by the Movellans. The Daleks' strategies against the Movellans were initially harmed by the Emperor struggling to keep track of forces formerly commanded by his counterpart. (PROSE: The Dalek Problem [+]Loading...["The Dalek Problem (novel)"]) Multiple Supreme Daleks existed during the war, serving the Emperor; one led a faction of Daleks back to Kembel, seeking to regain lost knowledge in time travel. (AUDIO: The Triumph of Davros [+]Loading...["The Triumph of Davros (audio story)"])

The two sides eventually became locked in a stalemate, as both were reliant on logical battle computers. In an attempt to break the stalemate, the Daleks sent an expedition to Skaro to recover their creator Davros in the hopes of him providing new strategies. The interference of a rival Movellan expedition and the Fourth Doctor and Romana led to the Daleks being destroyed and Davros being taken into the freed slaves' custody. (TV: Destiny of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Destiny of the Daleks (TV story)"]) Davros was transferred to the Earth Protection Corps, however the Dalek saucer captured the ship he was being transported on after it had rescued the Tenth Doctor and Anya Kingdom. Interference by Movellan forces led to the Earth ship crashing on Kembel before the Daleks could board. The Kembel faction emerged from hiding to capture Anya and the ship's commander, however Davros and the Doctor had already fallen into the hands of the Movellan forces, being led personally by the First Movellan. (AUDIO: The Dalek Defence [+]Loading...["The Dalek Defence (audio story)"]) Davros feigned forming an alliance with the Movellans, to unite them and the Daleks against Earth, using this front to infect them with a computer virus. The Doctor prevented the virus spreading just as Earth Protection forces arrived on Kembel, defeating the Daleks there and recapturing Davros.

Inspired by his encounter with Davros, the First Movellan ordered the development of a virus to attack the organic components of the Daleks. (AUDIO: The Triumph of Davros [+]Loading...["The Triumph of Davros (audio story)"]) Human historians attributed this decision to the Daleks reintroducing organic matter into themselves to gain advantages in the war, with their subsequent deviances from logic revealing their organic nature to the Movellans. (PROSE: Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe [+]Loading...["Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)"])

The Movellans' virus devastated the Dalek Empire, leading to its collapse across the galaxy. In the aftermath, several remaining Dalek commanders tried to reorganise what was left of their own isolated sectors. The result exacerbated the existing factionalism. (PROSE: Resurrection of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Resurrection of the Daleks (novelisation)"])

Empire in Civil War[[edit] | [edit source]]

Main article: Imperial-Renegade Dalek Civil War

The schism[[edit] | [edit source]]

The war with the Movellans had led increased factionalism within the Dalek Empire due to the Daleks dispersing into different areas of the universe to hide from the Movellan virus, (PROSE: Remembrance of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Remembrance of the Daleks (novelisation)"]) In 4590, (PROSE: Resurrection of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Resurrection of the Daleks (novelisation)"]) ninety years after his retrieval from Skaro, the Daleks rescued Davros from human custody in the hopes of him developing a cure to the Movellan virus. He deemed the Daleks to be failures however and stated his intent to start over, unleashing the virus on the Daleks before fleeing in an escape pod. The Fifth Doctor also interfered in the rescue, freeing a Dalek agent who blew up the Dalek ship. (TV: Resurrection of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Resurrection of the Daleks (TV story)"])

The new Daleks Davros created on Necros. (TV: Revelation of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Revelation of the Daleks (TV story)"])

After being retrieved by Lorraine Baynes and making a failed attempt to exploit her company, (AUDIO: Davros [+]Loading...["Davros (audio story)"]) Davros made his way to Necros where he used the humans in stasis at the Tranquil Repose to create new Daleks, loyal to him. The Dalek Supreme learnt of his activity and sent an expedition to Necros to capture Davros, destroying his new Daleks, and bring him back to Skaro for trial. (TV: Revelation of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Revelation of the Daleks (TV story)"]) One account claimed the ship transporting Davros and two surviving Necros Daleks crashed en route to Skaro on Lethe, where Davros established himself in the human colony as "Professor Vaso" and developed the Juggernauts based on Mechanoids. A Black Dalek recruited the Sixth Doctor to locate Davros, after which the Daleks invaded. In the ensuing skirmish the colony was destroyed after the self-destruct on Davros' chair was triggered. (AUDIO: The Juggernauts [+]Loading...["The Juggernauts (audio story)"])

The trial of Davros before the Dalek Emperor. (COMIC: Emperor of the Daleks! [+]Loading...["Emperor of the Daleks! (comic story)"])

Accounts differed on the nature and outcome of the trial; one claimed the Daleks on Skaro, so concerned with the growing schism that they believed they needed direction, brought Davros to their homeworld so he could try at solving their issue by providing guidance. (AUDIO: Innocence [+]Loading...["Innocence (audio story)"]) Another showed the trial serving a test of whether Davros was worthy of leadership over the Daleks, with him passing after exposing a Thal spy. (AUDIO: The Davros Mission [+]Loading...["The Davros Mission (audio story)"]) Another suggested the Emperor personally oversaw Davros on trial for crimes against the Daleks, until he was rescued by the Sixth Doctor who took him to Spiridon as part of a conspiracy with his next incarnation. There, Davros revived a dormant Dalek army and converted it to his leadership. He used the army to attack Skaro and exterminate the Emperor, declaring himself the new Emperor of the Daleks. The Daleks entered a new era, led by Davros as the new Emperor. (COMIC: Emperor of the Daleks! [+]Loading...["Emperor of the Daleks! (comic story)"])

Imperials versus Renegades[[edit] | [edit source]]

The schism grew, with the Imperial Daleks being loyal to Emperor Davros and the Renegade Daleks being loyal to the Dalek Supreme. The subsequent civil war stretched across the entire Dalek Empire, though the factionalism present in Dalek ranks since the end of the Movellan war meant that not every renegade sect was at war with Davros.

In addition to the war against the renegades, the Imperial Daleks waged the "liquidation war" against the Thals, the "war of vengeance" against the Movellans and the "time campaign". (PROSE: Remembrance of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Remembrance of the Daleks (novelisation)"]) Emperor Davros led an attempt to change history by altering the outcome of the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, planning to use mind transfer technology to replace Napoléon Bonaparte's mind with that of a Dalek and use Napoleon's mind for the Dalek battle computers. (AUDIO: The Curse of Davros [+]Loading...["The Curse of Davros (audio story)"])

Fighting among Daleks in 1963 Shoreditch. (TV: Remembrance of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Remembrance of the Daleks (TV story)"])

As the civil war escalated, the Seventh Doctor set a trap for the Imperial Daleks in Shoreditch in 1963, luring Davros with the propsect of controlling the Hand of Omega. The Supreme's Renegades seized the Hand first, forcing the Doctor to manipulate events so the Imperials reclaimed it in the ensuing skirmish, with the Supreme being the only Renegade survivor of the expedition. Once he possessed the Hand, the Doctor contacted Davros and provoked him into activating it, unaware the Doctor had pre-programmed it to destroy Skaro, (TV: Remembrance of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Remembrance of the Daleks (TV story)"]) by detonating Skaro's second sun. (PROSE: The Stranger [+]Loading...["The Stranger (short story)"]) The Hand subsequently destroyed the Imperial Dalek mothership in Earth's orbit, with Davros escaping at the last moment in an escape pod. The Doctor subsequently confronted the Renegade Supreme and talked it into destroying itself. (TV: Remembrance of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Remembrance of the Daleks (TV story)"])

Following the destruction of Skaro, Dalek battlecruisers continued to protect the area of the galaxy where the planet had been, even though it was now desolate. (PROSE: The Ripple Effect [+]Loading...["The Ripple Effect (short story)"])

Outcomes of the civil war[[edit] | [edit source]]

The Dalek Hive[[edit] | [edit source]]
Main article: Dalek Hive
The Dalek Hive; the last of the Daleks by one account. (COMIC: Fire and Brimstone [+]Loading...["Fire and Brimstone (comic story)"])

According to one account, the Dalek Hive became the last remaining population of Daleks, led by a Supreme Dalek. After sailing past the Magellan Cluster, the Dalek Hive was attacked by a ship of Daleks from another universe. Becoming paranoid about being invaded en masse by "unalike" Daleks from parallel realities, the Dalek Hive threw their all into the idea of a preemptive strike against the rest of the Omniverse.

Manipulating Crivello's Cauldron and the Eighth Doctor, the Daleks created an interdimensional gateway. In creating the gateway however, the Daleks had given an opening to various forces from other universes who were waiting for just such an opportunity to swarm in — including the Great Vampires as well as the parallel Daleks. The Dalek Hive proved no match for their enemies, with the Dalek Supreme being destroyed by the alternative Daleks. The Doctor resolved the conflict by having Ptolemy Muttonchops, an avatar of the Cauldron, take conscious control of the Cauldron's power and cause it to go supernova, destroying the Daleks entirely. The Doctor later discovered these events had been arranged by the Threshold to finally wipe out the Daleks. (COMIC: Fire and Brimstone [+]Loading...["Fire and Brimstone (comic story)"])

Renegade victory[[edit] | [edit source]]
Main article: Civil war (War of the Daleks)

According to another account, the Dalek Prime and Davros survived the war and encountered one another once more during a decline in Dalek pervasiveness throughout the galaxy. The Prime claimed the Skaro destroyed by the Doctor had in fact been a decoy planet, Antalin, and manipulated events to trigger a final civil war on Skaro to expose remaining Davros loyalists. Davros was again defeated, after which he was seemingly executed and the Dalek Prime set about rebuilding the Empire. (PROSE: War of the Daleks [+]Loading...["War of the Daleks (novel)"])

Another account of post-civil war Dalek history held that Davros instead purposely tried to make contact with surviving Renegade Daleks, but his plot to control their minds was foiled by the Seventh Doctor. (AUDIO: Daleks Among Us [+]Loading...["Daleks Among Us (audio story)"])

Davros' new Daleks[[edit] | [edit source]]

By another account, Davros' escape pod was blown in the Time Vortex where he was trapped until being unwittingly discovered by the Eighth Doctor's companions Samson and Gemma Griffin. Taking control of their minds, he had them incapacitate the Doctor and use his TARDIS to return to Earth in their time zone. Davros used Gemma as a carrier to spread a virus he'd developed and then offered his assistance to governments, exploiting the crisis to create a new race of Daleks.

Davros had developed a split personality however, between his normal self and a "Dalek Emperor" persona. After the return of the Eighth Doctor to Earth, the Daleks manipulated events so their preferred persona, the Emperor, emerged dominant. The Doctor then used the threat of releasing a virus Davros had developed that would wipe out all life to force them to withdraw from Earth. (AUDIO: Terror Firma [+]Loading...["Terror Firma (audio story)"])

The Restoration Empire[[edit] | [edit source]]
Main article: Restoration Empire

By another account, the Imperial Daleks had triumphed in the Civil War and, after the disappearance of Davros, a Dalek Supreme exterminated the other Daleks on the Dalek Council (PROSE: The Restoration Empire [+]Loading...["The Restoration Empire (short story)"]) and was elected the new Emperor of the Imperial Daleks. (PROSE: Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe [+]Loading...["Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)"]) He founded the Restoration Empire, an attempt to harken back to the earliest days of the Dalek Empire. The Restoration Empire reintroduced Silver Daleks as the basic drones and the Emperor modelled himself on the Dalek Prime, creating a gold casing which augmented his brain capacity. (PROSE: The Restoration Empire [+]Loading...["The Restoration Empire (short story)"]) Human historians believed this Emperor continued Davros' plan to move against the High Council of the Time Lords, thus leading his armies into the Last Great Time War. (PROSE: Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe [+]Loading...["Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)"])

The Emperor of the Restoration on Islos. (WC: The Archive of Islos [+]Loading...["The Archive of Islos (webcast)"])

Temporal fluctuations, (PROSE: The Guide to the Dark Times [+]Loading...["The Guide to the Dark Times (short story)"]) caused by the Tenth Doctor defeating the Kotturuh in the Dark Times, (PROSE: The Knight, The Fool and The Dead [+]Loading...["The Knight, The Fool and The Dead (novel)"]) appeared to alter events so this Empire did not immediately fight the Time War. (COMIC: Defender of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Defender of the Daleks (comic story)"]) The fluctuations were detected by the Daleks and the Emperor learnt that history was under attack via a message sent by the last survivor of a Time Squad which had yet to be sent back in time. Wanting more information, (PROSE: The Last Message [+]Loading...["The Last Message (short story)"]) he led the Daleks in an invasion of Islos to seize the Archive. However the Chief Archivian made a deal with an Entity from outside time and space for the Archive's rescue, promising their rescuer the Dalek Emperor. Upon entering the empty Archive, the Emperor, Prime Strategist and Executioner found a portal from which the Entity emerged. (WC: The Archive of Islos [+]Loading...["The Archive of Islos (webcast)"]) The Daleks were able to dupe the Mechonoids into defeating this creature, (WC: Planet of the Mechanoids [+]Loading...["Planet of the Mechanoids (webcast)"], The Deadly Ally [+]Loading...["The Deadly Ally (webcast)"]) before banishing both of their foes to the Entity's dimension. The Entity however warned the Daleks of an oncoming threat. (WC: Day of Reckoning [+]Loading...["Day of Reckoning (webcast)"])

This threat materialised in the form of the Hond, an omnicidal species from the Dark Times. The Restoration Empire initially attempted to ally with them only to be turned down and forced on the defensive. When only Skaro remained, the Daleks sought out the Tenth Doctor, who believed that the Restoration Empire was the result of a paradox, for aid, bringing him before the Emperor. Working, albeit reluctantly, with the Strategist, the Doctor deduced that the Hond were suffering made manifest and managed to cure them of their suffering, ending their crusade against the Daleks. A Grey Dalek made an attempt to exterminate the Tenth Doctor but the Thirteenth Doctor helped him escape. With one Doctor lost to them, the Strategist suggested the Daleks turn their attention to other Doctors. (COMIC: Defender of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Defender of the Daleks (comic story)"])

The Dalek Time Squad working with the Eighth Doctor on Wrax. (AUDIO: The Enemy of My Enemy [+]Loading...["The Enemy of My Enemy (audio story)"])

The Emperor created a Time Squad to investigate the fluctuations in time and rectify them to the Dalek Empire's benefit. (PROSE: The Guide to the Dark Times [+]Loading...["The Guide to the Dark Times (short story)"]) The Time Squad abducted the Eighth Doctor, (AUDIO: He Kills Me, He Kills Me Not [+]Loading...["He Kills Me, He Kills Me Not (audio story)"]) and convinced him to help them. They travelled back to the Dark Times with him, (AUDIO: The Enemy of My Enemy Is My Enemy [+]Loading...["The Enemy of My Enemy Is My Enemy (short story)"]) where they confronted the Tenth Doctor at Mordeela alongside a Free Undead coffin ship commanded by the Ninth Doctor. (PROSE: The Knight, The Fool and The Dead [+]Loading...["The Knight, The Fool and The Dead (novel)"]) The Dalek Time Squad quickly proved the superior force in the Battle of Mordeela but was unable to destroy the HMS Donna as a result of Brian unleashing various ancient weapons on their ship, allowing the Tenth Doctor to escape.

Fearing that any remaining Kotturuh would judge the Daleks, scout ships were sent to exterminate what remained of the aliens. (PROSE: All Flesh is Grass [+]Loading...["All Flesh is Grass (novel)"]) The Daleks began a back-up plan of experimenting on the unique lifeforms of the Dark Times. (PROSE: Mission to the Known [+]Loading...["Mission to the Known (short story)"]) They harvested Velosia under the pretence of saving their best and brightest from the oncoming Kotturuh. (COMIC: Tales of the Dark Times [+]Loading...["Tales of the Dark Times (comic story)"]) The Eighth Doctor found himself sidelined, though he was allowed to join their explorations (PROSE: All Flesh is Grass [+]Loading...["All Flesh is Grass (novel)"]) including of an abandoned spaceship. (COMIC: Tales of the Dark Times [+]Loading...["Tales of the Dark Times (comic story)"]) When the Daleks attacked the Ninth Doctor's coffin ship to capture a Vampire, the Eighth Doctor forewarned the Undead so they could evacuate and then escaped with his future self, leaving his TARDIS behind. (PROSE: All Flesh is Grass [+]Loading...["All Flesh is Grass (novel)"])

Afterwards the Commander and Executioner received pre-recorded instructions from the Emperor for the event of failing to correct history. He ordered them to destroy Gallifrey, to prevent the rise of the Time Lords. (PROSE: Mission to the Known [+]Loading...["Mission to the Known (short story)"]) The Strategist was not privy to the new orders, which the Commander and Executioner referred to as "the Ultimate End", and continued experiments with the Scientist in hopes of creating a more biologically efficient form of Dalek, the Symbiont. A scout ship was sent to Entranxis to pursue a fleeing Vampire, Ikalla, but she escaped with the aid of the three Doctors, so the Daleks set the planet's atmosphere alight with missiles. (PROSE: All Flesh is Grass [+]Loading...["All Flesh is Grass (novel)"])

The Daleks captured a Great Vampire from a coffin ship and used its DNA to engineer the Symbiont, an undying form of Dalek mutant. The Tenth and Eighth Doctors infiltrated the saucer and learnt of the Daleks' plans before fleeing. The Commander revealed the new orders to the Strategist, claiming a power drain his experiment had caused had jeopardised it. Realising that Gallifrey would now be defended by the Doctors, the Strategist ordered the Drones be enhanced with Symbiont DNA whilst the original was sent to Birinji to kill the last of the Kotturuh, Inyit. The hybrid Drones were deployed against Gallifrey, managing to quickly overwhelm the HMS Donna and three coffin ships defending the planet however perished when Inyit used her final judgement to give the original of their number a short lifespan. Fearing that this judgement would spread to pure Dalek DNA, the Daleks panicked and retreated to their saucer, despite the Strategist's desire to press the attack. This enabled the Eighth Doctor to board their craft and detonate an explosive, forcing the saucer into the Time Vortex. (PROSE: All Flesh is Grass [+]Loading...["All Flesh is Grass (novel)"])

The Eighth Doctor managed to destroy the saucer while inside the Vortex, as the Time Squad descended into infighting. (AUDIO: Mutually Assured Destruction [+]Loading...["Mutually Assured Destruction (audio story)"]) The drone who unknowingly enacted the bootstrap paradox survived (PROSE: The Last Message [+]Loading...["The Last Message (short story)"]) and attempted to raise its own army on the Starship Future only to be defeated by the Fourth Doctor. (AUDIO: Genetics of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Genetics of the Daleks (audio story)"]) The Dalek Prime Strategist also survived, observing other Daleks being torn apart by time winds. He escaped via an emergency temporal shift, powered using Kotturuh crystals he'd stored in his casing.

After the crisis grew to a close, the Strategist believed that the Daleks of the Restoration Empire would ultimately head into the War with the Time Lords, though with him now seriously considering the option of overthrowing the Emperor and overseeing the War himself. (PROSE: Exit Strategy [+]Loading...["Exit Strategy (short story)"])

Second Great Dalek Occupation[[edit] | [edit source]]

Main article: Second Great Dalek Occupation
Main article: Enemy-Alliance Dalek War

The Daleks proceeded on a grand effort to create a permanent base of operations. A Dalek Supreme led an effort to seize knowledge from the library of Kar-Charrat, though the interference of the Seventh Doctor and Ace denied them all the information. (AUDIO: The Genocide Machine [+]Loading...["The Genocide Machine (audio story)"]) The Emperor who had succeeded Davros subsequently masterminded the Etra Prime incident; (PROSE: Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe [+]Loading...["Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)"]) an ambitious gambit in which the Daleks refined and unleashed the Apocalypse Element to ignite the entire Seriphia Galaxy and then invaded Gallifrey to use the Eye of Harmony to contain the destruction until Seriphia was annihilated and then reborn as a thousands of virgin worlds, which the Dalek Empire was poised to seize. (AUDIO: The Apocalypse Element [+]Loading...["The Apocalypse Element (audio story)"]) The Emperor later led a fleet into the Time Vortex to exploit a temporal fissure to remake history to the Daleks' design by deploying a Temporal Extinction Device in the fissure. The detonation went wrong, leading to a sequence of events which became a time loop in which Daleks attempted rescue by remaking the device and attempting the detonation again. (AUDIO: The Time of the Daleks [+]Loading...["The Time of the Daleks (audio story)"]) Eventually, the Emperor would be forced to petition the Time Lords to release them. (AUDIO: Neverland [+]Loading...["Neverland (audio story)"])

From their base in Seriphia, the Daleks staged a major invasion of the Mutter's Spiral, beginning in the Vega system, (AUDIO: Invasion of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Invasion of the Daleks (audio story)"]) which became known as the Second Great Dalek Occupation. (AUDIO: Return of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Return of the Daleks (audio story)"])

Daleks attacking during the Second Great Dalek Occupation. (AUDIO: Project Infinity [+]Loading...["Project Infinity (audio story)"])

The Daleks fought against the Earth Alliance for years, eventually occupying most of the galaxy. (AUDIO: "Death to the Daleks!" [+]Loading...["\"Death to the Daleks!\" (audio story)"]) During this time the Emperor and Supreme used Susan Mendes as the "Angel of Mercy" to improve slave efficiency by giving them hope and allowed her to be accompanied by Knight of Velyshaa Kalendorf. Secretly, the pair were using Kalendorf's telepathy to sow the seeds of rebellion in every slave they encountered, (AUDIO: The Human Factor [+]Loading...["The Human Factor (audio story)"]) though the Dalek Emperor was actually aware of this plan and let it continue. (AUDIO: The Fearless: Part 4 [+]Loading...["The Fearless: Part 4 (audio story)"]) After the fall of Earth, Susan was ordered to make a victory broadcast across the entire Dalek Empire, in which she chose to utter the trigger phrase, "Death to the Daleks!", provoking rebellion through the Empire. (AUDIO: "Death to the Daleks!" [+]Loading...["\"Death to the Daleks!\" (audio story)"]) This forced the Daleks into retreat, enabling the Alliance to reorganise. Three months after the rebellion, the Daleks took over Project Infinity, which they'd used the rebellion as cover to reach, and the Emperor used it to make contact with Daleks of a parallel universe, who had conquered their universe. The parallel Daleks were horrified at their counterparts' actions and declared war, (AUDIO: Project Infinity [+]Loading...["Project Infinity (audio story)"]) allying with the Earth Alliance. The Emperor was forced to retreat into Susan Mendes' mind to escape them, leaving the Supreme as the leader of the Dalek Empire.

Over the course of six years, the Earth Alliance and "Alliance Daleks" pushed the Dalek Empire back, reducing it's presence in Mutter's Spiral to just Earth's solar system. Commander Kalendorf turned against the Alliance Daleks and negotiated a truce with the Dalek Empire, arranging the retrieval of Susan in return so the Daleks could extract the Emperor. (AUDIO: Dalek War: Chapter One [+]Loading...["Dalek War: Chapter One (audio story)"], Dalek War: Chapter Two [+]Loading...["Dalek War: Chapter Two (audio story)"], Dalek War: Chapter Three [+]Loading...["Dalek War: Chapter Three (audio story)"]) Together the Dalek Empire and Earth Alliance fought the Alliance Daleks for many years, with the Alliance Daleks ultimately retreating after their leader, the Mentor, judged that continuing the war was likely to result in all life in the galaxy being wiped out. Whilst the fragile truce still held, Kalendorf travelled to Dalek-occupied Earth to meet the Emperor, who had taken full possession of Susan's body. He used telepathic programming he'd implanted in Susan before surrendering her to trigger the Great Catastrophe, ordering every piece of Dalek technology to self-destruct. (AUDIO: Dalek War: Chapter Four [+]Loading...["Dalek War: Chapter Four (audio story)"])

The Dalek Empire was nearly wiped out, however one outpost in Seriphia managed to contain the destructive impulse into a single drone. The drone also absorbed the minds of the Emperor and Susan, so was declared the new Dalek Supreme of what remained of the Dalek Empire. (AUDIO: The Demons [+]Loading...["The Demons (audio story)"]) Approximately two thousand years later, this Supreme led the Daleks in occupying the Border Worlds, using the guise of treating the NFS plague which the Daleks had actually created, to re-establish the Dalek Empire. (AUDIO: The Exterminators [+]Loading...["The Exterminators (audio story)"], The Healers [+]Loading...["The Healers (audio story)"], The Survivors [+]Loading...["The Survivors (audio story)"], The Demons [+]Loading...["The Demons (audio story)"], The Warriors [+]Loading...["The Warriors (audio story)"], The Future [+]Loading...["The Future (audio story)"]) The Daleks entered a cold war with the Galactic Union. (PROSE: Mutually Assured Survival [+]Loading...["Mutually Assured Survival (short story)"])

Lead-up to the Time War[[edit] | [edit source]]

Having adopted a bronze design for drones, the Daleks sponsored Free Time, (AUDIO: Ascension [+]Loading...["Ascension (Gallifrey audio story)"]) a terrorist organisation which attacked the Time Lords during President Romana's tenure. (AUDIO: Weapon of Choice [+]Loading...["Weapon of Choice (audio story)"], Pandora [+]Loading...["Pandora (audio story)"], Insurgency [+]Loading...["Insurgency (audio story)"], Imperiatrix [+]Loading...["Imperiatrix (audio story)"]) After Free Time weakened the Time Lords by unleashing the Dogma Virus, (AUDIO: Panacea [+]Loading...["Panacea (audio story)"]) the Daleks invaded the Axis to plunder alternate Gallifreys, including one that Romana, Narvin and Leela from the proper timeline had settled on. The trio managed to close the Axis' portals, denying the Daleks access to anymore timelines and trapping them in any alternate timelines they had entered, and returned to Gallifrey proper. (AUDIO: Extermination [+]Loading...["Extermination (audio story)"]) The Supreme Dalek then led an invasion of Gallifrey via the Matrix with the aid of Slyne, a resident of an alternate Gallifrey who formed an alliance with them, who was sent ahead to prepare for their arrival. Romana was able to trap the Daleks' invasion force in a Matrix projection with the aid of a projection of her future self. (AUDIO: Ascension [+]Loading...["Ascension (Gallifrey audio story)"])

The Second Dalek Empire was active during their invasion of Querkus. They were also at war with humanity around this time. (PROSE: Roots of Evil [+]Loading...["Roots of Evil (short story)"])

Dalek saucer X-K Beta-19 invaded the planet Galacton to energise its core to create fuel for the Seventh Fleet. (PROSE: Mission to Galacton [+]Loading...["Mission to Galacton (short story)"]) During the Battle of Magella, the Seventh Incursion Squad under a Dalek Commander wiped out the last of the Mechanoids, ending the long running conflict between the Daleks and Mechanoids. (PROSE: Birth of a Legend [+]Loading...["Birth of a Legend (short story)"]) Daleks fought Krillitane rebels on Gryphon's Reach, calling on Davros for aid. Despite Davros' efforts, the Eleventh Doctor was able to help the rebels destroy the invaders. (PROSE: Father of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Father of the Daleks (short story)"])

The Daleks targeted potential allies of the Time Lords, the Temporal Powers, including the Warpwrights of Phaidon. (AUDIO: The First Days of Phaidon [+]Loading...["The First Days of Phaidon (audio story)"]) After the destruction of Phaidon, Time Lord President Livia officialy declared war on the Dalek Empire. (AUDIO: Celestial Intervention [+]Loading...["Celestial Intervention (audio story)"])

Last Great Time War and destruction[[edit] | [edit source]]

Main article: Last Great Time War
The Emperor briefs his commanders. (PROSE: Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe [+]Loading...["Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)"])

The Daleks, under leadership of the Dalek Emperor, (TV: The Parting of the Ways [+]Loading...["The Parting of the Ways (TV story)"]) disappeared from normal space during the Tenth Dalek Occupation, (PROSE: A Brief History of Time Lords [+]Loading...["A Brief History of Time Lords (novel)"]) into the Time Vortex where they constructed a fleet, (PROSE: Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe [+]Loading...["Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)"]) with which to wage war against the Time Lords in the Last Great Time War. (TV: Dalek [+]Loading...["Dalek (TV story)"]) After being asked to help, Davros joined their effort, (PROSE: Father of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Father of the Daleks (short story)"]) until he was lost to the Nightmare Child at the Gates of Elysium. (PROSE: The Third Wise Man [+]Loading...["The Third Wise Man (short story)"]) The Daleks' temporal strategies were guided by the Dalek Time Strategist, (AUDIO: Desperate Measures [+]Loading...["Desperate Measures (audio story)"]) whose place at the Emperor's side was coveted by other Dalek leaders such as the Commander of the Red Fleet. (AUDIO: Temmosus [+]Loading...["Temmosus (audio story)"]) Multiple Dalek Supremes also served in the Time War. (AUDIO: Desperate Measures [+]Loading...["Desperate Measures (audio story)"], Dissolution [+]Loading...["Dissolution (audio story)"], Homecoming [+]Loading...["Homecoming (audio story)"], Saviour [+]Loading...["Saviour (audio story)"], A Genius for War [+]Loading...["A Genius for War (audio story)"], COMIC: Ambush [+]Loading...["Ambush (comic story)"])

In the early days of the War, the Daleks sought means to invade Gallifrey. They investigated the rift at the heart of the Obscura, unaware they had been lured there as part of a trap designed by Irving Braxiatel, (AUDIO: Soldier Obscura [+]Loading...["Soldier Obscura (audio story)"]) and invaded the pocket dimension containing Project Revenant. The invasion was successful however the Celestial Intervention Agency arranged the facility's destruction before the Daleks took control, resulting in the pocket dimension collapsing. (AUDIO: Desperate Measures [+]Loading...["Desperate Measures (audio story)"]) Other early battlefronts included the Spiral Furl, (PROSE: The Third Wise Man [+]Loading...["The Third Wise Man (short story)"]) Keetol, where the Time Lords won though their victory was later negated by the War Master's use of the Heavenly Paradigm, (AUDIO: The Heavenly Paradigm [+]Loading...["The Heavenly Paradigm (audio story)"]) Seramiphius V, where the rival forces clashed in space, (PROSE: Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe [+]Loading...["Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)"]) Seriphia, which the Time Lords assaulted with time dreadnoughts, (AUDIO: Hostiles [+]Loading...["Hostiles (audio story)"]) and Saracassar which the Daleks successfully besieged. (AUDIO: The Scaramancer [+]Loading...["The Scaramancer (audio story)"])

The Time War raged, in a linear sense, for four centuries, but its temporal fighting actually meant the War was fought for all of eternity, enduring for so long that the Empire's ideals of racial purity eventually became diluted, as did the notion of absolute conformity. Groups such as the Eternity Circle, (PROSE: Engines of War [+]Loading...["Engines of War (novel)"]) the Cult of Skaro, (TV: Doomsday [+]Loading...["Doomsday (TV story)"]) and the Volatix Cabal were created with the capacity for independent thought so as to match the imagination of the Time Lords. (COMIC: Downtime [+]Loading...["Downtime (comic story)"]) To boost their overworked army, the Dalek Empire began converting conquered humans into Daleks and harvested versions of themselves from alternate realities to use as shock troopers, creating the Skaro Degradations. (PROSE: Engines of War [+]Loading...["Engines of War (novel)"]) Hybrid Daleks were also created for use as Hunter-Killers. (AUDIO: The Mission [+]Loading...["The Mission (audio story)"]) The Daleks were also known to conscript soldiers from species they'd enslaved, (AUDIO: Dreadshade [+]Loading...["Dreadshade (audio story)"]) such as the Brancheerians, (AUDIO: The Uncertain Shore [+]Loading...["The Uncertain Shore (audio story)"]) and used harvester ships to capture entire planets' populations to turn them into weaponised cyborgs. (AUDIO: Destroyer [+]Loading...["Destroyer (audio story)"], Saviour [+]Loading...["Saviour (audio story)"]) The Overseer conducted experiments on Ogrons on the Planet, however after a rebellion, he was relieved of command with his experiments being halted by other Daleks who deemed them an abomination. (AUDIO: Planet of the Ogrons [+]Loading...["Planet of the Ogrons (audio story)"])

The Dalek Empire eventually began losing the Time War. After a "spectacular" defeat, the Dalek Time Strategist (AUDIO: The Famished Lands [+]Loading...["The Famished Lands (audio story)"]) began researching the multiverse, hoping to find an alternative version of Davros whom he believed could reinvigorate the Daleks. Following the construction of a transdimensional portal to access the multiverse, (AUDIO: Palindrome [+]Loading...["Palindrome (audio story)"]) the Dalek base on Grahv was overwhelmed by the Valeyard who turned a temporal superweapon against the Daleks, erasing the entirety of their race from N-Space, save the Time Strategist who managed to escape into the multiverse. (AUDIO: The War Valeyard [+]Loading...["The War Valeyard (audio story)"]) Manipulating a parallel universe version of Davros, the Time Strategist used dimensional engineering to restore the Dalek Empire including the Emperor. After a brief schism when the parallel Davros attempted to assert his claim for leadership over the Daleks, the Emperor assumed control of the Empire again and the Time War resumed. Davros was imprisoned on Falkus, (AUDIO: Palindrome [+]Loading...["Palindrome (audio story)"], Restoration of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Restoration of the Daleks (audio story)"]) and later attempted to regain his influence with the Daleks by appealing to the Time Lords for rescue with promise of how to win the War by creating a hybrid creature of both sides. Upon recapturing him however the Dalek Supreme rejected his idea and had him returned to Falkus, which he escaped again after the Doctor triggered the destruction of the moon. (AUDIO: A Genius for War [+]Loading...["A Genius for War (audio story)"])

The Daleks formed an axis of alliances in the course of their campaign against the Time Lords, including with the Vultarans, (AUDIO: Lion Hearts [+]Loading...["Lion Hearts (audio story)"]) the Morlontoa, (COMIC: The Clockwise War [+]Loading...["The Clockwise War (comic story)"]) the Taalyens, (AUDIO: The Thousand Worlds [+]Loading...["The Thousand Worlds (audio story)"], The Heart of the Battle [+]Loading...["The Heart of the Battle (audio story)"]) and the Enigma, which briefly wiped out the Time Lords on their behalf until the War Doctor convinced it not to. (AUDIO: The Enigma Dimension [+]Loading...["The Enigma Dimension (audio story)"]) A Dalek ambassador approached the Stagnant Protocol, though in this case the supposed diplomatic agreement was simply a means to enable an invasion. (AUDIO: Unfinished Business [+]Loading...["Unfinished Business (audio story)"]) The Daleks also used human agents, such as crime boss Jarred McKenzie on Unity, (AUDIO: Unity [+]Loading...["Unity (audio story)"]) and Lara Zannis. (AUDIO: The Shadow Vortex [+]Loading...["The Shadow Vortex (audio story)"])

Late in the War, the Eternity Circle led the occupation of the entire Tantalus Spiral, planning to use the temporal energy from the nearby Tantalus Eye to create a Temporal Cannon to remove Gallifrey from history. Discovering their plans after leading a failed Time Lord attack on the region, the War Doctor reported back to President Rassilon who ordered the deployment of the Tear of Isha. In the ensuing Battle for the Tantalus Eye the War Doctor saw to the failure of the Time Lords' doomsday weapon and also manipulated the Eternity Circle to get him close enough to the Eye that the possibility engine Borusa could alter the timelines to remove the Daleks from the Spiral entirely. (PROSE: Engines of War [+]Loading...["Engines of War (novel)"])

The Daleks invade Arcadia on the last day of the Time War. (TV: The Day of the Doctor [+]Loading...["The Day of the Doctor (TV story)"])

The Daleks finally invaded Kasterborous, (PROSE: Dalek [+]Loading...["Dalek (novelisation)"]) and on the last day of the Time War breached the defences around Gallifrey itself, with the entire might of the Dalek Empire, numbering a "billion billion" units on ten million warships, converging on the planet. Though the Daleks managed to invade Arcadia, Gallifrey's second city, they were unable to breach the Capitol's defences, instead commencing an orbital bombardment to destroy Gallifrey. Faced with this onslaught, the War Doctor stole the Moment, seeking to destroy both Time Lords and Daleks, only for the superweapon to have him meet his Tenth and Eleventh selves, with the latter's companion, Clara Oswald, convincing the Doctor to find a better way. Summoning "all thirteen" of his incarnations, the Doctor utilised stasis cube technology to move Gallifrey into a pocket universe. Panicking at the sight of thirteen police boxes, the Daleks increased their firepower with the Dalek Empire ultimately destroying itself in its own crossfire when the planet disappeared. (TV: The Day of the Doctor [+]Loading...["The Day of the Doctor (TV story)"]) The Emperor recalled this destruction as an "inferno". (TV: The Parting of the Ways [+]Loading...["The Parting of the Ways (TV story)"])

Unable to retain his memories of the War's true ending, the Ninth Doctor believed that he had detonated the Moment and destroyed the Dalek Empire. (TV: Dalek [+]Loading...["Dalek (TV story)"])

Remnants[[edit] | [edit source]]

There were multiple different instances of Dalek survivors of the Time War: a single drone which fell through time, landing on Earth in the 20th century, (TV: Dalek [+]Loading...["Dalek (TV story)"]) the Dalek Emperor himself, (TV: The Parting of the Ways [+]Loading...["The Parting of the Ways (TV story)"]) the four-member Cult of Skaro, in possession of a Genesis Ark containing millions of trapped drones, (TV: Doomsday [+]Loading...["Doomsday (TV story)"]) a group of Daleks in the 22nd century, (COMIC: Carnage Zoo [+]Loading...["Carnage Zoo (comic story)"]) and the inmates of the Dalek Asylum, a prison planet containing thousands of insane and damaged Daleks. (TV: Asylum of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Asylum of the Daleks (TV story)"])

A number of Daleks appeared in another universe, New Eden, due to "chronological complications" after the destruction of Gallifrey. The posthuman inhabitants of that universe referred to them as "Biomechanoid Combat Units", not knowing their true name, and fought them in a remote area of space. (GAME: The Interstellar Convergence [+]Loading...["The Interstellar Convergence (video game)"])

The Doctor would later ponder the possibility that some Daleks had become so scared of multiple incarnations of themself appearing that they'd fled, running away even long after the War had ended. (PROSE: The Day of the Doctor [+]Loading...["The Day of the Doctor (novelisation)"])

Undated events[[edit] | [edit source]]

The Daleks occupied Ercos where they tested the Dalek driller, intended for use against Earth. The occupation was overthrown due to the interference of the Fourth Doctor and Sarah Jane Smith, having been directed to Ercos by the Time Lords. (COMIC: The Dalek Revenge [+]Loading...["The Dalek Revenge (comic story)"])

The Daleks fought the Cybermen, (PROSE: Heliotrope Bouquet [+]Loading...["Heliotrope Bouquet (short story)"], Ghost in the Machine [+]Loading...["Ghost in the Machine (short story)"]) deeming them an "inferior species". (TV: Doomsday [+]Loading...["Doomsday (TV story)"]) At one point Silver Daleks destroyed Cyber-Command on New Mondas by intercepting a shipment of converts and implanting Oblivion Continuums inside them, which detonated upon the new Cybermen being presented to the Cyber-Controller. (COMIC: Cyber Crisis [+]Loading...["Cyber Crisis (comic story)"])

The Dalek Empire made a diplomatic agreement with the Time Lords during President Romana's tenure. As part of the agreement, (PROSE: Lungbarrow [+]Loading...["Lungbarrow (novel)"], Meet the Doctor [+]Loading...["Meet the Doctor (DWAN 2006 short story)"]) the Old Master was tried on Skaro in the presence of the Dalek Emperor (PROSE: The Novel of the Film [+]Loading...["The Novel of the Film (novelisation)"]) by the whole Parliament of the Daleks, (PROSE: The Runes of Fenric [+]Loading...["The Runes of Fenric (short story)"], Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe [+]Loading...["Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)"]) with the Dalek Litigator prosecuting. (AUDIO: Vengeance [+]Loading...["Vengeance (audio story)"]) After the Master's execution, the Seventh Doctor recovered his remains to take back to Gallifrey, (TV: Doctor Who [+]Loading...["Doctor Who (TV story)"]) having been allowed safe passage under the terms of the agreement. (PROSE: Lungbarrow [+]Loading...["Lungbarrow (novel)"])

The Daleks fought Mechanoids guarding an abandoned colony on Hesperus. (PROSE: War of the Daleks [+]Loading...["War of the Daleks (novel)"])

The Daleks invaded Tuvalu but were thwarted by the Eighth Doctor and Sam Jones. (PROSE: Unnatural History [+]Loading...["Unnatural History (novel)"])

The Daleks invaded the home planet of the Anthaurk, forcing them to move to the Minerva system. (PROSE: The Fall of Yquatine [+]Loading...["The Fall of Yquatine (novel)"])

Seeking Irving Braxiatel's timeship, time-travelling Daleks sponsored the Fifth Axis's second campaign in the 27th century, during which they occupied the Braxiatel Collection. Their trap failed however when Bernice Summerfield and Braxiatel tricked the Axis into fighting against them. (AUDIO: Death and the Daleks [+]Loading...["Death and the Daleks (audio story)"])

Whilst in the midst of fighting an enemy, whom the Eighth Doctor speculated could be Movellans, Mechanoids or other Daleks, the Daleks learnt of the work of Professor Martez on Red Rocket Rising to create new Mutant Daleks. Deeming them impure, the Daleks sought to destroy them first by redirecting an asteroid at the human colony and then by infiltrating it in the guise of lending assistance after the disaster. (AUDIO: Blood of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Blood of the Daleks (audio story)"])

A Dalek timeship travelled back in time to 2025, with its crew of Grey Daleks seeking to destroy humanity by forcing the Moon out of orbit. They were foiled by the interference of the Fourth Doctor and Leela. (AUDIO: Energy of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Energy of the Daleks (audio story)"])

A group of Daleks attempted to extract the Earth's Telluric energy in Cornwall in 1963, robotising the locals to mine a node of the energy. Their plan was disrupted by the Eighth Doctor who rallied the sentience of the energy, the Bocca, to resist the extraction after his companion Charley had damaged their saucer's engines, resulting in the ship's destruction. (AUDIO: The Stuff of Legend [+]Loading...["The Stuff of Legend (audio story)"])

The Good Dalek Incident[[edit] | [edit source]]

Main article: Good Dalek Incident

At one point in the history of the Dalek Empire, it warred against the Combined Galactic Resistance. (TV: Into the Dalek [+]Loading...["Into the Dalek (TV story)"]) Research by historians placed this conflict either during the Second Dalek War, sometime after the Daleks' foray to Exxilon and their shattering of the Draconian Empire, (PROSE: Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe [+]Loading...["Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)"]) or in the frontier worlds during the Great War. (PROSE: The Whoniverse [+]Loading...["The Whoniverse (novel)"])

The Resistance managed to capture a damaged Dalek, that was later named Rusty, who claimed a desire to turn on its own kind. After the Twelfth Doctor rescued Journey Blue, the Resistance asked him to help fix Rusty as he had been turned good. The Doctor, Clara Oswald, Journey, Ross and Gretchen Alison Carlisle travelled into Rusty and located a crack in his power source that was spewing radiation and killing him, losing Ross along the way.

The Doctor repaired the crack with his sonic screwdriver, but the radiation had been causing Rusty's change, and so without it Rusty turned evil again, breaking free of its restraints and calling in more Daleks to destroy the Aristotle. At the insistence of Clara, the Doctor, Clara, Journey and Gretchen attempted to turn Rusty good again by reactivating his suppressed memories, particularly that of a star being born which would open him to the Doctor's influence.

Rusty. (TV: Into the Dalek [+]Loading...["Into the Dalek (TV story)"])

Clara succeeded in reactivating the memories, opening Rusty's mind and the Doctor telepathically linked with him to get him to see the good in the universe through the Doctor. However, being a Dalek, the "beauty" that Rusty reacted to was the Doctor's hatred of the Daleks. Taking the Doctor's hatred as his own, Rusty turned on the Dalek boarding party attacking the Aristotle and exterminated them. Rusty told the Doctor that he wasn't a good Dalek but the Doctor was, and then he ordered the Dalek flying saucer that was docked with the Aristotle to retreat, claiming that the humans had activated the ship's self-destruct. Rusty left with the Daleks to continue his war against his own kind by destroying them from within. (TV: Into the Dalek [+]Loading...["Into the Dalek (TV story)"]) After managing to destroy the Dalek command ship, Rusty was retrieved by the Daleks, his new mindset causing the Dalek Supreme Council to withdraw lest Rusty's influence spread to other Daleks.

After confirming it could not, Rusty was exiled to the Dalek Asylum, (PROSE: Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe [+]Loading...["Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)"]) but managed to escape, basing himself at Villengard. The Daleks made attempts to hunt him down and destroy him, but Rusty was persistently successful in fighting them off. All around his control tower were the shattered remnants of his earlier attackers. Some of the Daleks survived, albeit without their casings. (TV: Twice Upon a Time [+]Loading...["Twice Upon a Time (TV story)"]) Rusty however had access to records of events that succeeded the fall of the Dalek Empire, suggesting that the unit itself hailed from a later point in Dalek history. (TV: Into the Dalek [+]Loading...["Into the Dalek (TV story)"])

Further Dalek empires[[edit] | [edit source]]

After the destruction of the Dalek Empire, three subsequent empires were established: the New Dalek Empire, followed by the New Dalek Paradigm, which was reformed into the resurrected Dalek Empire.

The New Dalek Empire was established by Dalek Caan, who made a perilous journey back through time into the first year of the Time War, and rescued Davros from the "jaws of the Nightmare Child". Davros sacrificed cells from his own body to create millions of new Daleks. Together they built a massive fleet and a space station called the Crucible within the Medusa Cascade. Dalek Caan worked in secret to betray the New Empire and Davros, however, and assisted the Doctor and Donna Noble in disarming the reality bomb and foiling the stolen planets plot. The Meta-Crisis Tenth Doctor then caused a chain reaction which destroyed the New Empire, including apparently Davros and Caan. (TV: The Stolen Earth [+]Loading...["The Stolen Earth (TV story)"], Journey's End [+]Loading...["Journey's End (TV story)"])

The beginning of the third Dalek Empire: the New Dalek Paradigm. (TV: Victory of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Victory of the Daleks (TV story)"])

Through a deception called the "Ironside Project", three Daleks, (TV: Victory of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Victory of the Daleks (TV story)"]) having survived the destruction of the Crucible and the New Dalek Empire, (PROSE: Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe [+]Loading...["Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)"]) tricked the Eleventh Doctor into helping them activate a Progenitor (TV: Victory of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Victory of the Daleks (TV story)"]) that was left over from the Last Great Time War. (PROSE: A History of Humankind [+]Loading...["A History of Humankind (novel)"]) The device then created five new Daleks, referred to as a New Dalek Paradigm. These newcomers destroyed their three forebears and escaped through a time corridor. Amy Pond speculated that the new Daleks would need time to "build themselves up". (TV: Victory of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Victory of the Daleks (TV story)"])

Reeling from its defeat at the hands of the Ninth Doctor in March 2005, the post-Time War Nestene Consciousness considered allying with the "mighty empires" of the Daleks and the Cybermen in order to rid the universe of the Doctor, (PROSE: Revenge of the Nestene [+]Loading...["Revenge of the Nestene (short story)"]) a prospect which would be realised with the Pandorica Alliance, which the New Paradigm participated in. (TV: The Pandorica Opens [+]Loading...["The Pandorica Opens (TV story)"]) The Paradigm restored the Daleks to an empire, but their repeated failures resulted in its members losing influence. Instead, the Dalek Empire they had formed was reinvented into the resurrected Dalek Empire. This new empire would be overseen by a Parliament led by a Dalek Prime Minister. (TV: The Time of the Doctor [+]Loading...["The Time of the Doctor (TV story)"], PROSE: Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe [+]Loading...["Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)"])

With the Daleks still a diminished force compared to their Time War-power level, (PROSE: Dalek Combat Training Manual [+]Loading...["Dalek Combat Training Manual (reference book)"]) the empire committed much of its military might to denying the Time Lords' return to the universe during the Siege of Trenzalore, intending to rule supreme by ensuring the Time Lords never returned. When the Eleventh Doctor regenerated and destroyed their forces, human historians speculated this could be the Daleks' final defeat. They were not fully convinced, however. (TV: The Time of the Doctor [+]Loading...["The Time of the Doctor (TV story)"], PROSE: Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe [+]Loading...["Dalek: The Astounding Untold History of the Greatest Enemies of the Universe (short story)"]) Indeed, the Daleks restored Skaro and made it the centre of their empire. Davros stated they brought back the world due to their strong concept of home. (TV: The Witch's Familiar [+]Loading...["The Witch's Familiar (TV story)"]) Missy had an outstanding death warrant in the Dalek Empire. (AUDIO: The Bekdel Test [+]Loading...["The Bekdel Test (audio story)"])

Alternate timelines[[edit] | [edit source]]

Following their escape, the New Dalek Paradigm discovered the lost Time Lord artefact, the Eye of Time, allowing them to alter time as they saw fit. The Daleks returned to Skaro, rebuilt their capital city of Kaalann, appointed a new Emperor, and began rebuilding their empire. One of the empire's first acts with their new-found power over time was to invade Earth in 1963. In this new timeline, they succeeded in killing every member of the human race. However, the Doctor and Amy Pond successfully undid these events, leaving Earth unconquered and erasing the new empire from existence. (GAME: City of the Daleks [+]Loading...["City of the Daleks (video game)"])

Another alternate timeline was created when guerrillas from this timeline travelled back and accidentally caused a war by assassinating delegates, allowing the Daleks to invade Earth. This was averted when the Third Doctor travelled back from this timeline and told the guerrilla responsible the truth. Daleks and Ogrons travelled back to keep this timeline intact, but the guerrilla destroyed them with a bomb. (TV: Day of the Daleks [+]Loading...["Day of the Daleks (TV story)"])

In another alternate timeline, the Daleks invaded Earth in the 17th century. This was averted by the Eighth Doctor and Charley Pollard. (AUDIO: The Time of the Daleks [+]Loading...["The Time of the Daleks (audio story)"])

Following his acquisition of the Anti-Genesis codes from Gallifrey during the Last Great Time War, the War Master travelled to Skaro during the Thousand Year War and ensured that Davros was killed by the bomb that had crippled him in the regular timeline. (AUDIO: From the Flames [+]Loading...["From the Flames (audio story)"]) In Davros's place, the Master infiltrated the Kaled Scientific Elite (AUDIO: The Master's Dalek Plan [+]Loading...["The Master's Dalek Plan (audio story)"]) and created a new race of Daleks loyal to him instead, (AUDIO: Shockwave [+]Loading...["Shockwave (TWM audio story)"]) eventually creating a Dalek Empire which conquered all of existence. However, this timeline was eventually erased by this Master's future self, a parallel universe Master, and the Dalek Time Strategist, as the many paradoxes this timeline was built upon risked destroying all reality. (AUDIO: He Who Wins [+]Loading...["He Who Wins (audio story)"])

In a timeline where the First Doctor had never left Gallifrey, the Dalek Empire had grown to such a size without his interference that even the Time Lords lived in fear of it. This timeline was later undone through the efforts of the Seventh Doctor, Ace and Bernice Summerfield gathering the pieces of the Key to Time and restoring history to normal. (COMIC: Time & Time Again [+]Loading...["Time & Time Again (comic story)"])

In a timeline when a temporal collision of the First and Second Doctor's TARDISes prevented the former from landing on Kembel, the Daleks completed the Time Destructor. With their perfected weapon, the Dalek Empire began a death march across the galaxies. This timeline was undone when the Second Doctor prevented the temporal collision, restoring the natural sequence of events. (AUDIO: Daughter of the Gods [+]Loading...["Daughter of the Gods (audio story)"])

Parallel universes[[edit] | [edit source]]

In one parallel universe, the Daleks created by the Mentor ruled the entire universe. (AUDIO: Dalek War: Chapter One [+]Loading...["Dalek War: Chapter One (audio story)"])

In the Unbound Universe, the Dalek Empire was formed by the group of Daleks originally created by Davros, known as the Renegades by the second batch of Daleks who remained on Skaro. Functionally identical to their N-Space counterparts, these Daleks invaded other planets and were fought against by the Unbound Doctor on many occasions and led him to initially believe that the entire Dalek race was beyond redemption. (AUDIO: Masters of War [+]Loading...["Masters of War (audio story)"])

Behind the scenes[[edit] | [edit source]]

Footnotes[[edit] | [edit source]]

  1. ↑ BBC.co.uk 'Discontinuity Guide' article on Dalek History: Part Two in the original series of Doctor Who
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